STABLING SUITABLE FOR CATTLE 373 



9 inches high, and is made by using ij4-inch gas pipe, 

 obtained from discarded material, but, of course, hard- 

 wood of similar dimensions will answer. The gas pipes 

 were placed 6 inches apart from center to center, and 

 are imbedded about 2 inches in 4 x 4-inch pieces, both 

 at the top and bottom. The dimensions given have been 

 very suitable for feeding animals from 700 pounds up to 

 1,000 pounds in weight. 



This rack and manger may, of course, be enlarged 

 proportionately to meet the needs of larger animals. 

 The distance of the ground to the bottom of the manger 

 should also be proportionately increased. Such distance, 

 however, is influenced by the frequency with which the 

 manure is removed, and the converse of that is also true, 

 the necessity for frequent renewal being considerably 

 influenced by distance of the manger from the ground. 

 Dry cows of average weights could feed from such racks, 

 but the feeding of very coarse fodders would call for a 

 wide spacing in the uprights in the rack. When meal 

 and fodder are both fed from the alley, the floor of the 

 same should be considerably higher than the bottom of 

 the manger. Such a rack will be found quite satisfac- 

 tory for feeding such foods as hay, ensilage, meal, and 

 field roots. 



Gutters in stables. — Gutters are receptacles for the 

 manure, solid and liquid, voided by cattle confined in 

 stalls. Of whatever form, they are, of course, made at 

 the rear end of the stall. The necessity for gutters is 

 based (i) on the necessity for keeping animals confined 

 in stalls as free as possible from contamination by their 

 own voidings ; (2) on the necessity for keeping the pas- 

 sageways clean at the rear of the cattle, and (3) on the 

 advantage that comes from collecting the voidings in a 

 receptacle from which they may be easily removed and 

 without loss. 



The form of construction in the gutter is influenced 

 by the method followed in removing the voidings. In 



