368 IiJ!SSOIfS WITS PLANTS 



are at first sustained by the parent plant, but as 

 the roots develop from the nodes, the branches 

 become more and more self-sustaining, and finally 

 the old culm rots away and the plants are inde- 

 pendent. Such . a prostrate rooting shoot is a 

 layer. » 



460. The strawberry propagates both by seeds 

 and by runners (Fig. 387). In most cultivated 



Fig. 387. 

 Eunner of strawberry. 



strawberries the runners begin to form after the 

 fruit is off, and a new plant arises from each 

 joint, if the soil is not too hard or the runner is 

 not disturbed. A runner differs from a layer in 

 the fact that it is prostrate from the beginning,* 

 and makes new plants while it is increasing in 

 length, 



461. Some of the osiers, dewberries, and all the 

 black -cap raspberries propagate by stolons, which are 

 layers that root only or chiefly at or near the tip. 

 Raspberry "tips," with which fruit-growers set a 

 berry plantation, are masses of roots, crowned by 

 a heavy bud, and which have arisen by the end of 



