THE ANTARCTIC REGIONS. 47 
I venture to say land of considerable extent—to the south. I believe, 
nevertheless, that the greater part of this southern continent ought 
to lie within the Polar Circle, where the sea is so encumbered with ice 
as to be unapproachable. The danger run in surveying a coast in 
these unknown seas is so great, that I dare say no one will venture 
to go farther than I have, and that the land that lies to the south 
will always remain unknown. The fogs are there too dense; the 
snow-storms and tempests too frequent ; the cold too severe ; all the 
dangers of navigation too numerous. The appearance of the coast is 
the most horrible that can be imagined. The country is condemned 
by Nature to remain unvisited by the sun, and buried under eternal 
hoar frost. After this report, I believe that we shall hear no more of 
searches for a southern continent.” This description of these desolate 
regions, to which the great navigator might have applied the words 
of Pliny, “Pars mundi a natura damnata et densa mersa caligine,” 
only excited the courage of his successors. In our days, several 
expeditions have been fitted out for the express survey of regions 
which may be characterised as the abode of cold, silence, and death. 
In 1833 a free passage opened itself into the Antarctic Sea. A 
Scottish whaling ship, commanded by James Weddell, entered the 
pack ice, and penetrated it in pursuit of seals ; but having, by chance, 
found the sea open on his course, he forced his way up to 74° south 
latitude, and under 34° of longitude ; but the season was too advanced 
for further investigation, and he and his crew retraced their steps. 
The voyage of Captain Weddell caused a great sensation, and sug- 
gested the possibility of more serious expeditions. Twelve years later 
three great expeditions were fitted out : one, under Dumont D’Urville, 
of the French Marine; an American expedition, under Captain 
Wilkes, of the United States Navy ; and an English expedition, under 
Sir James Clark Ross. ‘ 
Dumont D’Urville, who perished so miserably in the railway 
catastrophe at Versailles in 1842, passed the Straits of Magellan on 
the 9th of January, 1838, having under his command the two cor- 
vettes Astrolabe and Zelée. He expected to find it as Weddell had 
described, and that, after passing the first icy barrier, he should find 
an open sea before him. But he was soon compelled to renounce 
this hope. The floating icebergs became more and more closely 
packed and dangerous. The southern icebergs do not appear to 
circulate in straits and channels already formed, like those of the 
North Pole, but form enormous detached blocks which hug the land. 
Sometimes in shallow water they form belts parallel to the base of 
the cliffs, intersected by a small number of sinuous narrow channels. 
