APPARATUS AND MATERIAL 
THE apparatus necessary for a course in invertebrate zodlogy 
need not be extensive. Each student should be provided with the 
following instruments: two scalpels, a small one and one of 
medium size; two pairs of scissors, a large straight pair and a 
small pair preferably with curved tips; two pairs of forceps, 
a small pair and one of medium size, both straight and with 
corrugated tips ; one or two dissecting needles, a probe, a blow- 
pipe, a hand lens. 
Each student should have a shallow dissecting pan, in the bottom 
of which is a layer of black wax; the depth of the pan should be 
about an inch and a half. If the lobster be dissected, however, 
a deeper pan will also be needed. The student should also be 
provided with a number of pins of several sizes, which may be 
conveniently kept, while not in use, stuck in a large cork. 
It is intended that most of the drawings of dissections should 
be outlines, usually more or less diagrammatic, made with a hard 
drawing pencil in a large blank book, the paper of which is good 
and firm, or upon sheets of drawing paper. The general use of 
colors by a class is not recommended, not because the use of them 
is not often helpful, but because in a class of young students it is 
difficult to prevent their abuse by many. The careless or slothful 
student will often be tempted to substitute the use of colors for 
careful drawing. Outline drawings of a dissection on a sufficiently 
large scale, and carefully made and labeled, will invariably be 
perfectly clear. 
For the study of many of the animals or parts of them in this 
course, a compound microscope will be needed; a dissecting micro- 
scope will also be most useful throughout the course, although not 
indispensable. The student should be provided with a number of 
glass slides and thick cover-glasses. Water may be used as a 
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