PALEONTOLOGY 105 



logical time at least so far as man, so that since the 

 Post-glacial period no new species have been intro- 

 duced in any way." * 



Gray, in speaking of DeCandolle's conclusion as to 

 the length of time that the living species of oaks 

 have existed, says: "He accepts and, by various 

 considerations drawn from the geographical distribu- 

 tion of European Cupulifera, fortifies the conclu- 

 sion — long ago arrived at by Edward Forbes — that the 

 present species, and even some of their varieties, date 

 back to about the close of the Tertiary epoch, since 

 which time they have been subject to frequent and 

 great changes of habitation, but without appreciable 

 change of specific form or character; that is, without 

 profounder changes than those within which a species 

 at the present time is known to vary." f 



In Huxley's address before the Geological Society 

 for 1870, he says, speaking of the dredgings: " These 

 investigations have demonstrated the existence, at 

 great depths in the ocean, of living animals in some 

 cases identical with, in other cases very similar 

 to, those which are found fossilized in the white 

 chalk: The Globigerinae, Cyatholiths, Coccospheres, 

 Discoliths in the one are absolutely identical with 

 those in the other; there are identical or closely 

 analogous species of Sponges, Echinoderms and 

 Brachiopods. Off the coast of Portugal there now 

 lives a species of Beryx, which, doubtless, leaves its 

 bones and scales here and there in the Atlantic ooze, 

 as its predecessor left its spoils in the mud of the sea 

 of the Cretaceous epoch." 



Darwin says: "It is not an insuperable difficulty 

 that Foraminifera have not, as insisted on by Dr. 

 Carpenter, progressed in organization since even the 

 Laurentian epoch." % 



* Story of the Earth and Man, p. 357. 

 t Darwiniana, p. 185. X Origin of Species, p. 313. 



