RECAPITULATION 337 



ible theory of evolution, of organs through their incip- 

 ient and long rudimentary stages, during which time 

 they could have served no useful purpose. I regard 

 this as fatal to the theory of evolution. 



I have claimed that the rudimentary mammae of 

 males could not have been evolved by natural selec- 

 tion, nor by any known method, and that, therefore, 

 Mr. Darwin's claim that "Rudimentary organs de- 

 clare their origin and plain meaning in various ways" 

 is not correct in this case, and may not be in others. 

 The rudimentary mammae in males could never have 

 been functional. They have undoubtedly existed 

 through an immense period of geological time as the 

 merest rudiments. This fact shows that it is impos- 

 sible for such organs to totally disappear, and yet 

 evolution claims that most of the mammae which 

 have existed in females have not simply become rudi- 

 mentary, but have entirely disappeared. 



If it be granted that functional organs may become 

 rudimentary, yet this is not an argument to prove 

 that rudimentary organs may become useful. 



In the chapter on secondary sexual differences I 

 have endeavored to show that there is no probable 

 method by which horns, spurs, and other sexual dif- 

 ferences could have been evolved, and much less that 

 the fundamental differences between the sexes could 

 have been thus produced. 



The instincts of animals give rise to other difficul- 

 ties. Among the most serious of these is that grow- 

 ing out of complex instincts which require complex 

 adaptations of structure before the instincts could be 

 useful. That they could have been either simultane- 

 ously or successively formed in many cases seems 

 impossible, since the instinct and the adaptive struc- 

 ture are not related to each other as cause and 



effect. It seems to me impossible that chance could 

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