366 OBGANIC EVOLUTION CONSIDERED 



fragments only remain to us." Here we have it 

 " highly probable " that man originated from some 

 unknown ape. 



He next considers the remains of man that are re- 

 garded as being the oldest known, and attempts to 

 bridge the chasm. The skulls of "the man and 

 woman of Spy," are compared with the Neanderthal 

 skull, and he concludes that they all belong to the 

 same race. He concludes that the peculiar characters 

 of these skulls, their jaws and teeth, "go a long way 

 toward justifying the separation of the Neanderthal 

 race as a distinct species, as has been done by some 

 author under the name of Homo neanderthalensis." 

 He afterwards speaks of it as a distinct species. In 

 this case comparatively small variations in structure 

 are given sufficient weight to separate part of the 

 genus Homo as a distinct species, while between man 

 and apes, " the sole difference " is in the position of 

 the big toe. To fill the gap between man and ape, the 

 ape is lifted in structure by ignoring the differences. 

 When he comes to consider the remains of man, a 

 similar purpose is served by degrading individuals 

 that are well known to have been human, so as to 

 form a lower species. Differences in structure be- 

 come great or small according to the necessity of the 

 theory of evolution. The Neanderthal and Spy skulls 

 are of good capacity, a fact which the author neglects 

 to state. The capacity of the former is 75 cubic 

 inches, or about 1,053 cubic centimetres, which, Hux- 

 ley says, "Is the average capacity given by Morton 

 for Polynesian and Hottentot skulls. So large a mass 

 of brain as this, would alone suggest that the pithe- 

 coid tendencies, indicated by this skull, did not ex- 

 tend deep into the organization; and this conclusion 

 is borne out by the dimensions of the other bones of 



