20 CONIFERS. 



Cos. the Douglas Spruce forms extensive forests. The trees are often 

 gigantic, being 15 ft. in diameter and in crowded forests attaining a 

 height of 300 feet., the perfectly straight columns without a branch 

 for 100 to 200 ft. The bark on the older trees is thick and dark- 

 brown, with deep longitudinal fissures. In Oregon it is known to 

 woodsmen and lumbermen as "Oregon Pine" and in California is 

 commonly called "Fir" or " Eed Fir." This tree ranges also 

 tlirough the Sierras southward to the head waters of Stevenson Creek, 

 a branch of the San Joaquin Eiver, at an elevation of 3,000 to 

 5,500 ft. 



3. PIN US Tourn. Pine. 



Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, bearing in their axils the needle- 

 shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, 

 some of the thin soarious bud-scales sheathing the base of the cluster. 

 Staminate flower an oblong cylindrical stamineal column, crowded in 

 a whorl at the base of the shoot of the same spring, consisting of 

 numerous stamens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short fila- 

 ments and a scale-like connective, this ending in a mere knob or 

 rather large semi-circular crest. Pistillate inflorescences solitary or 

 clustered below the terminal bud, or lateral on the growing shoot, 

 consisting of imbricated carpellary scales in the axils of (and much 

 larger than) the persistent bracts, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at 

 base. Cones maturing in the second year, spreading or reflexed; 

 scales woody and thickened and at the apex, upon the exposed surface 

 (or apophysis), bearing a more or less thickened protuberance or 

 umbo; umbo unarmed or provided with a prickle or spine. Seeds 

 2, nut-like, partly sunk at the base of each scale and in separating 

 carrying away a part of the scale as a thin wing. Cotyledons 3 to 

 16, linear. 



Cones subterminal, i. e., near the ends of the branches. 

 Leaves In fives, tlieir sheath loose and deciduous; cones cylindrical, 10 to 18 

 in. long, subteroiinal, the apophysis thin with a terminal unarmed 



umbo LP. Lamheiiiana. 



Leaves in threes, serrulate, sheaths persistent; cones oval, 4 to 6 in. long, 

 in falling breaking near the base, some of the lower scales persistent on 



the peduncle . 2. P. pondirosa. 



Cones lateral, borne along the sides of the branches. 

 Leaves in threes ; cones opening at maturity, deciduous or remaining on 

 the branches for 2 or 3 years, 6 in. long or more. 

 Cones long-oval, 12 to 15 In. long ; scales ending in thick incurved spur-like 



spines ; leaves erect B. P. Ooulteri. 



Cones short-peduncled, short-oval, 6 to 10 in. long; leaves drooping . . 



4. P. Samniana. 

 Leaves in threes; cones short-pedunded, remaining closed and persistent for 

 many years, less than 6 in. long. 



Cones short-oVal, very oblique, 8 to 5}i in. long 5. P. radiaia. 



Cones conic-cylindrical, oblique at base, 3 to 6 in. long; all the scales with 



sharp prickles . . . 6. P. attmuata. 



Leaves in pairs. 

 Cones ovate, oblique, prickly, 1}^ to 2% in. long 7. P. muricata. 



1. P. Lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine. Trees 100 ft. high or 

 more, and 6 to 10 ft. in diameter, with light-brown bark irregularly 



