PINE FAMILY. 19 



long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-scales; connective of the 

 anthers terminating in a short spur or knob. Fertile flowers on the 

 end of last year's branchlets ; bract a little shorter than the scale. 

 Cones maturing the first year, pendulous, their thin scales and bracts 

 persistent. 



1. T. heterophylla Sarg. Western Hemlock. A tree 60 to 75 

 ft. high, 2 ft. in diameter or less, with usually thin reddish-brown 

 bark ; ultimate branchlets when young long hairy ; leaves 4 to 10 

 lines long ; stamlnate flowers 2 to 3 lines in diameter, raised out of 

 the bud-scales on a slender stipe 4i lines long; cones oblong-cylindrical, 

 pointed; bracts closely attached to the back of each scale, obtusely 

 3-lobed; scales longer than wide; seeds 1 to IJ lines long, the wing 

 twice longer, widest below; cotyledons 3 to 4. — (T: Mertensiana 

 Carr. ) 



Occurs sparingly in Marin Co.; from northern California to Alaska 

 it is abundant, forming vast forests, the trees 100 to 200 ft. high and 

 2 to even 8 ft. in diameter. The cones are pendent from the tips of 

 very numerous slender hairy branchlets. The Alpine Hemlock, 

 T. Mertensiana Bong. (T. Pattoniana of Bot. Cal.) is found at 

 timber line in the High Sierras. 



2. PSEUDOTSUGA Carriere. False Spruce. 



Leaves flat, distinctly petioled, somewhat 2-ranked by a twist at 

 the base, leaving transversely oval scars on the smooth branchlets. 

 Male flowers an oblong or cylindrical stamineal column, partly 

 enclosed by conspicuous bud-scales; connective of the anthers ending 

 in a short spur. Cones pendulous, maturing in the first year; bracts 

 broadly linear, acutely 2-lobed and long-pointed or aristate, exserted; 

 scales persistent ; seeds with the wing at last breaking off; eotvledons 

 fi to 12. 



1. P. taxifolia Britton. Dougla.s Spruce. A .straight, tall, 

 slender tree 30 to 150 ft. high and 2 to 5 ft. in diameter, the bark 

 fissured; leaves flat, linear, petioled, | to IJ in. long; male flower 5 

 to 10 lines long; cones oblong, pendulous, 4 in. long or less, remain- 

 ing on the trees some time after the seeds have fallen ; seeds triangular, 

 the upper side convex and reddish-brown, the under side flat and 

 white. — (P. Douglasii Carr.) 



The Douglas Spruce, the most abundant and widely distributed 

 forest tree in Western North America, is not uncommon in the sea- 

 ward and middle Coast Kanges within our limits. In the South 

 Coast Kanges it is frequent in the Santa Cruz ^fountains but it is not 

 known from the Mt. Hamilton and Mt. Diablo ranges or the Oakland 

 Hills. In the north Coast Ranges it is very common in Marin and 

 Sonoma Counties and is only less abundant in Napa Valley where it 

 gives a decided character to the landscape. It is found on both the 

 west and east slopes of the Mayacamas Range bounding Napa Valley 

 on the east but is not found in the Vaca Mountains of the Inner 

 Coast Range. Northward in Mendocino, Humboldt, and Del Xnrte 



