18 CONIFEEiE. 



in a cluster 24 to 32, each stamen with 4 naljed anther cells. Ovule 

 enclosed in a fleshy sac, the whole beoonaing drupe-like in fruit. 

 (Greek tumion, name of Dioscorides for a species of Yew tree.) 



1. T. Californicum (Torr.) Greene. California Nutmbo. 

 Adult trees 4-5 to 80 ft. high; leaves mostly IJ to 2 J inches long, 

 IJ lines broad, tapering slightly to the pungent apex, nearly flat, 

 shortly petioled; staminate clusters 4 or 5 lines long; fruit plum-like, 

 1 to IJ in. long. 



Coast Ranges from Marin and Napa Cos. northward (towards the 

 coast the trees are very tall, towards the interior often only 5 or 6 

 ft. high); Sierra Nevada. May to July. 



2. CONIFERyE. Pine Family. 



Trees or shrubs, ours evergreen, with resinous juice, needle-shaped, 

 awl-shaped, or linear leaves, the flowers in cone-like aments without 

 perianth. Male flowers consisting of stamens only, the anthers situ- 

 ated on the under side of a shield-like scale; cones deciduous. Fertile 

 ament with 2 or more ovules at the base of each scale, the scales few 

 or many, s.pirally imbricated and becoming in fruit a dry cone or the 

 scales sometimes ooalescent and succulent. Seed large and nut-like 

 and winged, or small and bony. Embryo straight in the axis of the 

 endosperm. 



Leaves scattered or fascicled, linear to needle-shaped; flowers monoecious ; 

 pistillate ament of numerous spirally imbricated carpels in tlie form of 

 scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract, in fruit forming a 

 dry woody cone; scales of staminate ament also spirally arranged, herba- 

 ceous, colored yellow ; ovules 2 at the base of each scale on the inner face, 

 inverted. 

 Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin; leaves solitary. 

 Branchlets rough from the prominent raised leaf-scars, bracts of the fertile 



cones smaller than the scales 1. Tsuga. 



Branchlets smooth, the leaf-scars not raised ; bracts of the fertile cone much 



longer than the scales 2. Pseudotsuga. 



Cones maturing in the- second year, their scales becoming corky or wood.v 

 and thickened ; leaves in clusters of 2 to 5, surrounded at base bv a sheath 



of Bcarious bud-scales S. PiNbs. 



Leaves not fascicled, linear or ovate-lanceolate ; flowers monoecious. 

 Leaves alternate ; scales of the fertile ament about 20 to 30, spirally arranged, 

 in fruit forming a woody cone; bracts none; seeds not winged . . . 



4. Sequoia. 

 Leaves opposite ; scales of the fertile ament 6, in fruit an oblong cone com- 

 posed of imbricated oblong scales, seed unequally 2-winged 



5. LlEOCEDRUS. 



Leaves opposite or ternate, scale-like or subulate; scales of the fertile ament 

 few, decussately opposite, becoming a small closed eone or berry-like. 

 Dioecious ; fruit berry-like with bony .ovate seeds ; leaves ternate or opposite. 



6. JUNIPEEUS. 



Monoecious ; fruit a globose cone ; leaves opposite . . .7. Cupeessus. 



1. TSUGA Carriere. Hemlock. 



Leaves appearing 2-ranked, with a single dorsal resin-duct, con- 

 spicuously petioled, jointed near the base, the lower portion persistent 

 and at length ligneous, forming a raised soar. Staminate flower a 

 subglobose cluster of stamens, from the iixils of last year's leaves, the 



