INDIAN PIPES, 195 
modes of smoking among the Indians when Columbus planted 
the banner of Spain in America. 
A writer in Zhe Tobacco Plant has given a very interest- 
ing description of Indian pipes in use among the natives of 
both North and South America. He says: 
“Tn the tumuli or Indian grave mounds of the Ohio and 
Scioto valleys, large quantities of pipes have been found, 
bearing traces of Indian ingenuity. That their burial mounds 
are of great antiquity, is proved by the fact that trees several 
centuries old are to be found growing upon them. About 
twenty-five years ago, two distinguished archeologists Squier 
and Davis—made extensive exploration of these mounds, the 
results of which were published in an elaborate memoir b 
the Smithsonian Institution. The mounds indicate that an 
immense amount of labor has been expended upon them, as 
the earthworks and mounds may be counted by thousands, 
requiring either long time or an immense population; and 
there is much probability in the supposition of Sir John Lub- 
bock that these parts of America were once inhabited by a num- 
erous and agricultural population. It may be asked, have the 
races who erected these extensive mounds become extinct, or 
do they exist in the poor uncivilized tribes of Indians whom 
Europeans found inhabiting the river valleys of Ohio and 
Illinois? Many of these mounds are in the form of serpents 
and symbolic figures, and were evidently related to the 
sacrificial worship of the mound builders.” 
Squier and Davis are of the opinion that :— 
“The mound builders were inveterate smokers, if the great: 
numbers of pipes discovered in the mounds be admitted as 
evidence of the fact. These constitute not only a numerous, 
but a singularly interesting class of remains. In their con- 
struction the skill of the maker seems to have been exhausted. 
Their general form, which may be regarded as the primitive 
. form of the implement, is well exhibited in the accompany- 
ing sketch. They are always carved from a single piece, and 
consist of a flat carved bore of variable length and width, 
with the bowl rising from the centre of the convex side. 
From one of the ends, and communicatiug with the hollow 
of the bowl, is drilled a small hole, which answers the pur- 
pose of a tube; the corresponding opposite division being 
left for the manifest purpose of holding the implement to 
the mouth. 
“The specimen here represented is finely carved from a 
