136 FORM AND MATERIAL. 
the Spaniards to have been much further advanced in 
civilization than the races occupying the other portions of 
South America; and there is a strong probability that they’ 
are of a different origin from the races occupying Chili, 
Patagonia, Brazil, and the great district washed by the waters 
of the West Indian Sea. Science as yet cannot give any- 
thing like an accurate idea of the time man has existed in 
these widely-diversified countries, but we cannot go wrong 
in accepting the statement of Darwin, who observes that “ we 
must admit that man has inhabited South America for an 
immensely long period, inasmuch as any change in climate, 
effected by the elevation of the land must have been 
extremely gradual.” 
Another writer says of the pipes of the Indians of North 
America: 
“Great variety of form and material distinguishes the 
pipes of the modern Indians; arising in part from the 
local facilities they possess for a suitable material from which 
to construct them ; and in part also from the special style of 
art and decoration which has become the traditional usage of 
the tribes. The favorite red pipe-stone of the Coteau des 
Prairies, has been generally sought after, both from its 
easiness of working and the beauty of its appearance. A 
pipe of this favorite and beautiful material, found on the 
shores of Lake Simcoe, and now in my possession, measures 
five inches and three-quarters in length, and nearly four 
inches in greatest breadth, yet the capacity of the bowl 
hollowed in it for the reception of tobacco is even less than 
in the smallest of the “Elfin Pipes.” In contrast to this, a 
modern Winnebago pipe recently acquired by me, made of the 
same red pipe-stone, inlaid with lead, and executed with 
ingenious skill, has a bowl of large dimensions illustrative of 
Indian smoking usages modified by the influence of the 
white man. From the red pipe-stone, as well as from the 
lime stone and other harder rocks, the Chippeways, the 
Winnebagos, and the Sioux, frequently make a peculiar class 
of pipes, inlaid with lead. 
_ “The Chincok and Puget Sound Indians, who evince 
little taste in comparison with the tribes surrounding them, 
in ornamenting their persons or their warlike and domestic 
implements, commonly use wooden pipes. Sometimes these 
are elaborately carved, but most frequently they are rudely 
