142 GOOSE-QUILL STEMS. 
valued and readily purchased. The effect of the Circassian 
tobacco on the lungs is extremely bad, and among those 
tribes who use it many die from asthma and congestion. of ' 
the lungs. This is principally due to the saltpetre with which 
it is impregnated. The Indian pipe is copied from the 
‘Eskimo, as the latter were the first to obtain and use tobacco. 
Many of the tribes call it by the Eskimo name. 
The Kutchin and Eastern Finneh were modeled after the 
clay pipes of the Hudson Bay Company, but they also carve 
very pretty ones out of birch knots and the root of the wild 
rose-bush. ‘The Chukchees use a pipe similar to those of the 
Eskimo, but with a much larger and shorter stem. This 
stem is hollow, and is filled with fine birch shavings. After 
smoking for some months these shavings impregnated with 
the oil of tobacco, are taken out through an opening in the 
lower part of the stem and smoked over. The Hudson 
Baymen make passable pipe-stems by taking a straight-grained 
piece of willow or spruce without knots, and cuttiug through 
the outer layers of bark and wood. This stick is heated in 
the ashes and by twisting the end in contrary directions the 
heart-wood may be gradually drawn out, leaving a hollow 
tube. 
The Kutchin make pretty pipe-stems out of goose-quills 
wound about with porcupine-quills. It is the enstom in the 
English forts to make every Indian who comes to trade, a 
present of a clay pipe filled with tobacco. We were provided 
with cheap brown ones, with wooden stems, which were 
much liked by the natives, and it is probable that small brier- 
wood pipes, which are not liable to break, would form an 
acceptable addition to any’ stock of trading goods”. The 
Tchuktchi of north-eastern Asia are devoted worshipers of 
tobacco, and is one of the chief articles of trade with them. 
Their pipes are large, much larger at the stem than the bowl. 
In smoking, they swallow the fumes of the tobacco which 
causes intoxication for atime. “ The desire to procure a few 
of its narcotic leaves induces the American Esquimaux from 
