JASMINE PIPES. 167 
made very great inroads upon this ancient burial-place, 
carrying off a considerable ruin, and exposing the skeletons, 
and bringing to light many interesting relics at almost every’ 
spring-tide. Among these, many pipes have been washed 
down. A similar circumstance has occurred on the seashore 
at Hoy Lake, Cheshire, where several “fairy pipes” have 
been found. 
“Notices of several discoveries occur. Dr. Wilson says, in 
the statistical accounts of Scotland, many of which are sug- 
gestive of a pre-Raleigh period. Thus, ‘in an ancient British 
encampment in the parish of Kirk Michael, Dumfriesshire, 
on the farm of Gilrig, a number of pipes of burnt clay were 
dug up, with heads smaller than the modern tobacco-pipes, 
swelled at the middle and straighter at the top. Again, in 
the vicinity of a group of standing stones at Cairney Mount, 
in the parish of Carluke Lanarkshire, a celt or stone hatchet, 
elfin bolts (flint and bone arrow-heads), elfin pipes, numerous 
coins of the Edwards and of later date, and other things are 
all stated to have been found.’ An example is also recorded 
of the discovery of a tobacco-pipe in sinking a pit for coal, 
at Misk, in Ayrshire, after digging through many feet of 
sand. All these notes are pregnant with significant warn- 
ings of the necessity for cautious discrimination in determin- 
ing the antiquity of such buried rélics.” 
In Turkey the jasmine is cultivated for the purpose of 
pipe smoking. Barillet describes the growing of the com- 
mon jasmine near Constantinople. He says: 
“The object sought is a long straight stem, free from 
leaves and side branches. For this purpose the plants are 
grown quickly in a rich soil, and drawn up by being grown 
in a sheltered situation, to which the sun has little access at 
the sides, but only at the top. inching is resorted to, and 
during the second year’s growth one end of a thread is 
attached to the top of the jasmine stem. This thread passes - 
over a pulley attached to the post to which this jasmine is 
trained, and from it is suspended a weight, the effect of 
which is to keep the stem always in a vertical direction. 
‘When the jasmine stem is about two centimeters (say three 
quarters of an inch) in diameter a cloth is wrapped around 
it to prevent access of dust and of the sun’s rays. Twice or 
thrice in the year the stem is washed with citron-water, 
which is said to give the clear color so much esteemed. 
‘When the stem has acquired a length of some fifteen feet, it 
