THE JUNIPER. 153 



purplish-black fruit, whicli is -well tasted, having but little bit- 

 ter in them, and a single seed. It is the " Pama," or " Pudma," 

 of Upper Kamaon and the Himalayas, and the " Googgal " of 

 Cashmere, a word meaning incense, also the bastard or creeping 

 Cedar of travellers. 



The Bhotiyas call this species "Parpinja " (creeping Juniper) ; 

 and, according to Dr. Hoffmeister, an intoxicating drink is pre- 

 pared from the berries of the ground-Juniper, which is known 

 all over the Busehur part of the Himalayas by the name of 

 '•■ Theloo," (spirituous liquor). Its Khasiya names are " Bhe- 

 dara/' and " Bindhara," and signify yeast, or yielding yeast; 

 for which purpose the sprigs are used in Upper Kamaon in 

 the preparation of yeast, as the aromatic crushed berries of the 

 common Juniper is in Europe to flavour gin. The yeast is made 

 by moistening coarse barley flour, which is made into a ball, 

 and covered all round with the leaves and sprigs of this Juni- 

 per; the whole is then closely wrapped up in a blanket, and 

 kept warm, where in three or four days it ferments and be- 

 comes fit for use. It is also used in the distilling arrack from 

 rice, the berries having but little bitter in them. 



No. 26. JuNiPEEUS TH0BIFERA, Linnceus, the Spanish Juniper. 



Syn. Cedrus Hispanica, Tournefort. 

 „ Juniperus Hispanica, Miller. 

 „ „ foetida Hispanica, Spach. 



„ „ oophora, Kunze. 



„ „ turbinata, Gussone. 



Leaves in twos, opposite, very small, narrow, glaucous-gray, 

 loosely imbricated, in four rows, sometimes spreading at the 

 points, rigid, straight, and sharp-pointed, concave at the base 

 on the upper side, convex at the back, stem-clasping, and 

 mostly without any gland on the under side; stem erect, 

 thickly covered all round Mrith branches, curved upwards 

 at the points ; branchlcts very dense, short, all growing on the 

 outer side, curving upwards, and forming a dense pyramidal 



