258 PINXJS, OR 



of Europe, ripening its cones in November, or in about eighteen 

 months from the time of flowering, which is in March. It 

 occurs frequently in Italy, on the southern slope of the Alps, 

 from Frioul to Nice, especially in the sandy soil of the valleys ; 

 it is also found in the northern Apennines. Its upper limit on 

 the southern slope of the Alps is at 5000 or 6000 feet of 

 elevation, while on the northern slope it is not found higher 

 than 4000 feet, and as a general rule it cannot be said to exist 

 lower than 2000 feet above the sea. It is found in Scandinavia, 

 its northern limit, in lat. 70°, where it constitutes immense 

 forests of fine timber ; it also grows wild in Scotland, in the 

 Sandy Plains of the North of Germany, in the mountains of 

 Central Europe, and in the vaUey of the Ehine, the Tyrol, 

 Bavaria, and towards the west it is found as far as the 

 Pyrenees; and varieties are even found in Persia and the 

 Caucasus, but not in North America, as stated by some writers. 

 It is like aU species of trees which have an extensive 

 geographical range, and grow on almost every kind of soil, and 

 at great elevations as well as in the plains ; the varieties are 

 very numerous as regards their exterior appearance, for on poor 

 soil and very elevated situations, fully exposed to the boisterous 

 winds, it becomes a diminutive shrub, while in lower and more 

 favourable situations it becomes a lofty timber tree, growing 

 100 feet high, and four feet in diameter. 



The following are the principal varieties worth distinguishing : 



PiNUS SYLVESTEis HORizoNTALis, Bon, the Highland Pine. 

 Syn. Pinus sylvestris Montana, Hort. 

 „ „ „ rubra, Grigor. 



„ „ Scotica, Willdenow. 

 It is also called the Red Scotch Pine, from the colour of the 

 wood; the Highland Pine, the Spayside Pine, and the Hori- 

 zontal Scotch Fir. 



This variety has its branches disposed in quite a horizontal 

 direction from the stem of the tree. The leaves are broader 

 and much more glaucous, with the bark on the trunk of the 

 tree not so rugged. Its cones are thicker, and not so much 



