NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
g’. Hind toe (if present) short and inserted above the 
level of the rest, or else size small or medium 
(never as much as 3 feet long); loral and orbital 
regions fully feathered, and middle claw with edge 
not pectinated. 
h. If more than 3 feet long, the hind toe decidedly 
elevated ; if under 3 feet long, the hind toe on 
same level with anterior toes. 
Order Paludicole. (Page 134.) 
h?, Never over 3 feet long (usually much less), the 
hind toe (if present) short and elevated, or 
else the claws excessively lengthened and 
wings spurred. 
Order Limicolee. (Page 143.) 
f?. Lower portion of thighs feathered (or else middle and 
outer toes united for at least half their length), the 
bill if lengthened not grooved along the side.’ 
g. Bill strongly hooked, with a distinct naked cere at 
base of upper mandible; or if no naked cere, the 
toes 2 in front and 2 behind. 
i’. Toes 3 in front, or else outer toe reversible. 
Order Raptores. (Page 218.) 
' AX Toes 2 in front, 2 behind (outer toe permanently 
reversed)....... Order Psittaci. (Page 268.) 
g. Bill not strongly hooked, and without naked cere 
at base of upper mandible; or if with a cere, the 
latter swollen and the bill straight. 
i’. Hind toe small and elevated, or else bill with- 
out soft swollen cere. 
Order Gallinze. (Page 184.) 
v Mt. Hind toe (or toes) well developed and on same 
level with anterior toes. 
?. Bill with soft swollen cere at base of upper 
mandible. Order Columbee. (Page 210.) 
?, Bill without soft swollen cere. 
jf. Wings very long, with 10 primaries, tail 
of 10 feathers, and gape very wide 
and deeply cleft, or else bill long 
and slender, tongue extensile, and 
secondaries only 6 in number. ; 
Order Macrochires. (Page 297.) 
?. Wings not very long and gape not very 
wide nor deeply cleft, or else wing » 
1 Or else toes 2 in front and 2 behind, and tail-feathers stiff-pointed (Order Pici), 
