88 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
with rusty) in adult; tail-coverts and crissum grayish, barred 
with dusky and whitish.............sss00 Philacte. (Page 118.) 
a, Neck as long as or longer than body. (Subfamily Cygnine.) 
Largest of American Anatide (length more than three feet); color entirely 
pure white, with black bill and feet, in adult, grayish in young. 
Olor. (Page 120.) 
Gznus MERGANSER Baisson. (Page 84, pl. XXL, fig. 4.) 
Species. 
Common Cuaracters.—Adult male with head and upper neck greenish black, 
the occiput crested ; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail, plain ash-gray ; rest of upper 
parts mainly pied black and whitish ; lower parts rich creamy white or pale salmon- 
color. Adult female, with head and upper neck cinnamon-brownish (occiput crested, 
as in the male), chin and part of throat white; upper parts grayish, with some 
white on wings; lower parts buffy white. 
a'. Distance between nostril and nearest feathering at base of upper mandible much 
greater than height of upper mandible at base; feathering at base of upper 
mandible, on sides, projecting very slightly forward, and not forming a 
distinct angle. 
b. No visible black bar across white of wing-coverts. Adult male: Head and 
upper neck greenish black, the top of the latter with a soft “bushy” 
crest, conspicuous only when erected; chest and other lower parts rich 
creamy white, or (especially in freshly-killed specimens) delicate pale 
salmon-color; wing 10.70-11.00, culmen 2.05-2.30, tarsus 1.90-2.00, 
middle toe 2.35-2.60. Adult female: Head and upper neck tawny brown 
or cinnamon, the chin and throat whitish, the occiput with a conspicuous 
pointed crest; upper parts chiefly ash-gray, with white on secondaries 
and greater wing-coverts; wing 9.75-10.25, culmen 1.80-1.90, tarsus 
1.65-1.80, middle toe 2.35. Hab. Northern parts of the eastern hemi- 
sphere, from western Europe to Kamtschatka. 
M. merganser Linn. Merganser.! 
b%. A very conspicuous black bar across white of wing-coverts. (Plumage 
not otherwise essentially different from that of M. merganser, but feath- 
ering at base of bill having a quite distinct outline.) Downy young: 
Upper half of head, and hind-neck, rusty brown, more reddish on the 
latter, where encroaching on sides of neck; remaining upper parts hair- 
brown, relieved by four white spots; lower parts, including rest of head 
and neck, white; a stripe on lower half of lores, white; beneath this, a 
narrower stripe of deep brown, and a similar, but broader, brown stripe 
on upper half of lores. Male: Length 25.00-27.00, wing 10.50-11.25, 
culmen 1.90-2.20, tarsus 1.90-2.00, middle toe 2.40-2.50. Female: Length 
1 Mergua merganeer Linn., §, N, ed. 10, i. 1758, 129. Merganser merganser Stusn., Bull. U. 5. Nat. Mus. 
No. 29, 1885, 176. 
