ANAS, 95 
brownish white, in longitudinal streaks on head and neck and in 
irregular transverse spots and bars on other portions; the dusky 
predominating above, the white below; wing nearly as in the male, 
but the chestnut absent or barely indicated, and the gray of the 
wing-coverts more or less barred and tipped with white; belly and 
lower part of breast pure white, throat finely streaked with dusky. 
Downy young: Above dull dark brownish, with a spot of sulphur- 
yellow on each side of rump and back of each wing, the wings also 
marked with this color; “forehead, space round the eye, throat, 
and chest pale sulphur-yellow; abdomen white, shaded with sul- 
phur-yellow, on the lower part sooty gray.” (Drusser.) Male: 
Length 19.25-21.75, wing 10.25-11.00, culmen 1.60-1.75, tarsus 1.45- 
1.70, middle toe 1.80-1.90. Female: Length about 18.00, wing 
10.00-10.25, culmen 1.55-1.65, tarsus 1.60, middle toe 1.75-1.80. 
Figgs 2.09 x 1.57, pale buff or buffy white. Hab. Northern hemi- 
sphere in general, breeding in temperate regions. 
135. A. strepera Linn. Gadwall. 
bo. Distance from anterior border of nostril to tip of upper mandible less than 
three times the distance from the same point to nearest feathers of 
lores; lamelle coarser, less than 15 being visible from outside; tail- 
feathers 14, the tail much graduated. (Adult males with forehead and 
fore part of crown, posterior half of middle wing-covert region, and 
belly, plain white; speculum metallic green anteriorly, velvety black 
posteriorly ; crop plain vinaceous; sides, flanks, scapulars, and back, 
delicately waved with dusky upon a paler ground; under tail-coverts 
-plain black.) (Subgenus Mareca Srepuens.) 
ec. Adult male in winter: Head and upper neck plain rufous, the forehead 
varying from white to ochraceous; crop and sides of breast vina- 
ceous; sides, flanks, and whole back white, waved with blackish. 
Male after breeding season: “Head and neck as in the old female ; 
back, scapulars, lesser wing-coverts, and wing dark ashy blackish 
gray; the fore parts of the back with indistinct whitish vermic- 
ulations, the rest of the back and scapulars edged with fulvous ; 
wings as in winter dress; but the larger coverts are ashy blue- 
gray, not white, the median coverts being darker with rather 
lighter edges; tail as in the winter dress; underparts white; the 
upper part of the breast and flanks rusty brown; under tail-coverts 
white with a grayish tinge, and having large blackish brown central 
blotches.” (Dresser.) Adult female: Head and upper neck pale 
rusty, speckled and. barred with dusky, especially on crown ; upper 
parts dusky brown, the feathers edged and more or less barred with 
pale brown and whitish ; white patch on wing-coverts merely indi- 
cated by white tips to feathers; speculum grayish, without lustre ; 
crop, sides, and flanks indistinctly barred with grayish brown, and 
dull light rufous, or fulvous; rest of lower parts white, the lower 
