AYTHYA, 101 
Genus AYTHYA Borg. (Page 85, pl. XXIV., figs. 1-3.) 
Species. 
Common Cuaracters.—Adult males with the head and part of the neck uni- 
form chestnut or black, the lower neck uniform black (except in a few exotic 
species); back and scapulars waved with white and black; speculum bluish gray, 
or white, tipped with black; lower parts white. Adult females with head, neck, 
chest, and upper parts plain brownish, the head paler or whitish next the bill; 
speculum as in the male. 
a’. Culmen longer than inner toe, with claw; bill not wider near end than at base; 
head and neck reddish in adult males. 
6. Bill much shorter than middle toe without claw, its greatest width nearly 
half the length of the culmen, the end moderately depressed, and the 
nail decidedly hooked. (Subgenus Aythya.) 
c’. Adult male: Head and upper half of neck rich chestnut-red, glossed 
with reddish purple; lower neck, chest, upper back, rump, and tail- 
coverts (above and below) black; back, scapulars, sides, and flanks 
waved or vermiculated with white and black, in nearly equal pro- 
portion; belly immaculate white. Adult female: Head and neck 
grayish brown, darker abéve, the fore part of the former lighter, 
almost white on chin and upper throat; back, scapulars, chest, sides, 
and flanks dull grayish brown, the feathers tipped with paler, or 
fulvous. Downy young: Above ochraceous olive-brown, with an 
indistinct yellowish spot behind each wing, another on the hind 
border of the arm-wing, and a third on each side of the rump; 
whole sides of head and neck, with lower parts in general, deep 
buff-yellow, paler and duller on belly and ventral region; no dark 
markings on side of head. Length 17.00-21.00, wing 8.50-9.25, 
culmen 2.05-2.25, greatest width of bill .75-.85. Hggs 242 X 1.73, 
pale olive-buff or pale dull greenish buff. Had. Whole of North 
America, breeding from Maine and California northward. 
146. A. americana (Hyv.). Redhead. 
c. Adult male: Head and whole neck chestnut-rufous, without distinct 
purple gloss; back, scapulars, and whole lower parts, except chest 
and under tail-coverts, white, everywhere finely waved or vermic- 
ulated with dusky; otherwise like A. americana, but upper man- 
dible (in life) pale blue only between nostril and end, the basal por- 
tion being dusky. Adult female: Differing from the same sex of 
A. americana chiefly in the color of the bill (hardly appreciable in 
dried specimens) and in the different proportions. Wing 8.00-8.50, 
culmen 2.20-2.40, greatest width of bill .70-.78. Hab. Europe, with 
portions of Africa and Asia. A. ferina (Liny.). Pochard.! 
1 Anas ferina Linn., 8. N. ed. 10, i. 1758, 126. Aythya ferina Bore, Isis, 1822, 564. 
