198 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
6%. Upper parts mostly or entirely grayish, the tail always gray. Eggs 1.59 x 
1.18. Hab. Rocky Mountains and northward to Alaska (Yukon Valley), 
east to Manitoba. 
3005. B. umbellus umbelloides (Dovet.). Gray Ruffed Grouse. 
a. Darker, with brown markings on lower parts very conspicuous, everywhere ex- 
posed, and bordered by very distinct dusky bars; bars on flanks very dark 
brown, or brownish black. 
b'. Upper parts with more or less of gray, often mostly grayish, the tail usually 
gray (sometimes tinged with ochraceous). Hab. Eastern Oregon and 
Washington Territory, east to Moose Factory, Nova Scotia, Maine, etc., 
southward on mountains of New England, New York, etc. 
300a. B. umbellus togata (Linn.). Canadian Ruffed Grouse. 
&. Upper parts dark rusty, with little if any admixture of gray, the tail usu- 
ally deep rusty (very rarely grayish). Zggs 1.61 x 1.20. Hab. North- 
west coast, from northern California to British Columbia, 
300c. B. umbellus sabini (Dova..). Oregon Ruffed Grouse. 
Genus LAGOPUS Brisson. (Page 185, pl. LVIII., fig. 2.) 
Species. 
Common Craracters.— Winter plumage pure white, the tail black in most 
species, and sometimes the lores black also. Summer plumage with upper parts 
(except part of wings) and chest varied with brown, buffy, or grayish and black. 
Nest on ground in open situations. Eggs about 10-16, more or less heavily spotted 
or marbled with dark brown or black on a buffy or light rusty ground. 
a. Tail black. 
b'. Bill stout (depth at base .40 or more) ; Jength 14.00-17.00, wing about 7.00- 
7.50, bill, from nostril, 40-42, depth at base, 40-45; winter plumage 
never with black on head. 
ce’. Shafts of secondaries white. 
Male in spring: Head and neck rich chestnut, usually becoming 
darker below (sometimes quite blackish); rest of plumage 
white, the back, scapulars, and rump interspersed with feathers 
of deep brown or rusty, barred with dusky. Male in summer: 
Head, neck, and lower parts (except middle of belly, anal 
region, and legs) deep cinnamon-rufous, uniform on throat, 
fore-neck, and chest, barred with black on sides, flanks, and 
under tail-coverts, tinged with slaty on upper belly; quills and 
outermost wing-coverts white; rest of upper parts (continu- 
ously) irregularly barred with tawny brown and black, most 
of the feathers indistinctly tipped with whitish. Female in 
summer: Above coarsely and irregularly barred and spotted 
with black and ochraceous or buffy (the former rather predomi- 
nating), many of the feathers margined terminally with white; 
