296 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
ceous, or vinaceous-white, throat ash-gray, and crown light 
grayish brown or brownish gray; length 12.75-14.00, wing 
6.45-7.15 (6.66), tail 4.40-5.20 (4.86), exposed culmen 1.34-1.53 
(1.46). Eggs 112.85. Hab. Whole of western United 
States and table-lands of Mexico, except northwest coast and 
Lower California; east to Rocky Mountains (occasionally 
across Great Plains to Kansas). 
413. C. cafer (GmeEL.). Red-shafted Flicker. 
d@. Darker, with back deeper brown (sometimes of a warm burnt- 
umber tint), lower parts deeper vinaceous, throat deeper ash- 
gray (sometimes almost plumbeous), and top of head deeper 
brownish; wing 6.35-7.00 (6.63), tail 4.70-5.20 (5.01), exposed 
culmen 1.35-1.60 (1.47). Hab. Northwest coast, north to 
Sitka, south to northern California (chiefly in coast district). 
413a. C. cafer saturatior Ripcw. Northwestern Flicker. 
c. Exposed culmen not less than 1.60, the bill slenderer and more curved ; 
wing averaging less than 6.25; crown cinnamon-brown, becoming 
deep cinnamon anteriorly ; ramp vinaceous-white; shafts red-lead 
color, the under surface of quills and tail a paler shade of the 
same. 
Wing 5.90-6.25 (6.05), tail 4.50-5.00 (4.72), exposed culmen 1.60- 
1.85 (1.70). Hab. Guadalupe Island, Lower California. 
: , 415. C. rufipileus Ripecw. Guadalupe Flicker. 
bv. Entire top of head and hind-neck uniform deep cinnamon, strongly and very 
abruptly contrasted with ash-gray of ear-coverts, etc.; rump distinctly 
spotted with black; back, ete., light cinnamcn-brown, broadly barred 
with black, these bars about the same width as the lighter interspaces ; 
“mustache” of male carmine-red; size about the same as in C. cafer. 
Hab. Guatemala. 
C. mexicanoides Larr. Guatemalan Flicker,? 
1It may hereafter prove expedient to separate the birds of the United States from those of Mexico as repre- 
senting a geographical race. Eight specimens from Mexico (Valley of Mexico, Mirador, Saltillo, Puebla, etc.) 
are much smaller than northern examples, and with a single exception (an example from Saltillo, Coahuila) 
have the black bars on the back, etc., much narrower. The extreme and average measurements of this series 
are as follows: wing 5.90-6.50 (6.13), tail 4.00-4.70 (4.41), exposed culmen 1.20-1.40 (1.30). If separated, the 
United States bird would have to be called C. cafer collarie (Vie.), the Colaptes collarie of Vicors (Zool. Jour. 
iv. 1829, 384; Zool. Becchey’s Voy. 1839, 24, pl. 9) having been based on specimens from Monterey, Cali- 
fornia. 
? Colaptes mexicanoides LaFr., Rev. Zool. 1844, 42, 
