348 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
Young: Above mixed dusky and light brownish (in variable relative quantity), 
conspicuously speckled or dotted with white or pale buffy; wing-coverts conspicu- 
ously margined with pale dull buffy; lower parts whitish, the chest more or less 
tinged with pale brownish buff and speckled or clouded with dusky; no distinct 
head “pattern.” Vest composed of fine dried grass-stems, etc., embedded in ground, 
under shelter of tussock of grass, a stone, etc. Eggs 3-5, pale olive, pale dull 
buffy, dull olive-whitish, etc., finely but usually densely speckled or sprinkled with 
olive-brown (rarely, pale ciunamon-buff, speckled with cinnamon-rusty). 
a. Wing of male averaging more than 4.40, that of female averaging 4.12, or more. 
v'. Darker, the hind-neck, rump, etc., deeper vinaceous-cinnamon, the throat 
and superciliary stripe usually deep primrose-yellow. Young with sooty 
blackish prevailing on upper parts, the chest and sides distinctly tinged 
with brownish buff and speckled or mottled with dusky. Male: Length 
about 7.50-8.00, wing 4.20-4.60 (4.41), tail 2.70-3.10 (2.98). Female: 
Wing 3.95-4.55 (4.19), tail 2.50-3.10 (2.78). Hab. Northeastern North 
America (region about Hudson’s Bay, including Labrador), Greenland, 
and northern Europe; in winter, south to the Carolinas, Illinois, ete. 
474, O. alpestris (Linn.). Horned Lark. 
bv. Paler, the hind-neck, rump, etc., lighter, more ashy, or lilaceous, vinaceous, 
the throat usually white or but faintly yellowish, the superciliary stripe 
pure white. (Young unknown.) Male: Length about 7.50-8.00, wing 
4.30-4.65 (4.43), tail 2.85-3.20 (3.10). Female: Wing 4.00-4.20 (4.12), 
tail 2.60-2.80 (2.73). Eggs 94x .66. Hab. Northwestern North 
America, breeding from Alaska southward, east of Rocky Mountains, 
nearly to United States boundary; in winter, south over more northern 
Great Plains and Great Basin of United States, as far as Kansas, Utah, 
and Nevada. 
474a,. Q. alpestris leucolema (Couns). Pallid Horned Lark. 
a’, Wing averaging less than 4.20 in males, less than 4.00 in females. 
o'. Wing averaging more than 4.10 in males, more than 3.80 in females. 
ce’. Dark-colored, as in O. alpestris (but rather paler), with young very dark, 
as in that form. Male: Length about 7.00-7.50, wing 4.00-4.30 
(4.13), tail 2.90-3.10 (2.99). Female: Length 6.75-6.85, wing 3.70- 
4.00 (3.84), tail 2.60-2.90 (2.73). Eggs 85 x .62. Hab. Upper Mis- 
sissippi Valley and region of the Great Lakes (especially within 
United States), east, locally, to New York; south, in winter, to 
Virginia and northeastern Texas. 
474). O. alpestris praticola (HEnsu.). Prairie Horned Lark. 
c. Paler colored, like O. leucolema, but with throat usually distinctly (some- 
times strongly) primrose-yellow. Young very pale-colored, with 
prevailing color of upper parts light grayish buff, or pale buffy gray- 
ish. Male: Length 7.00-7.50, wing 4.05-4.30 (4.16), tail 2.75-3.15 
(2.99). Female: Length about 6.50-6.75, wing 3.70-4.00 (3.84), tail 
2.50-2.80 (2.68). Higgs .86 X .62, Hab. Great Plains and Rocky 
