374 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
yellow, more or less tinged with olive-greenish on upper sur- 
face.) 
é. Scapulars entirely olive-greenish or yellowish, like back; 
middle wing-coverts yellow; outer webs of greater wing- 
coverts tipped with whitish (sometimes inclining, more or 
less, to yellow or grayish), and tertials broadly edged with 
same. Young: Without any black, the upper parts entirely 
olive-green, the lower parts wholly yellow, tinged laterally 
with olive, Length about 8.75-10.50, wing 3.75-4.25, tail. 
4.15-4.40, culmen .90-1.10, tarsus .95-1.10. West semi-pen- 
sile, fastened usually between upright twigs, composed of 
dried grasses, etc. Eggs .99 x .71, white, finely speckled 
or “dusted,” chiefly on larger end, with brown, usually 
mixed with stains of lilac-gray. Hab. Central and north. 
ern Mexico, north to lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas. 
503. I. audubonii Giraup. Audubon’s Oriole. 
e. Scapulars and middle wing-coverts partly (sometimes entirely) 
black ; wings without any white markings; otherwise very 
similar to I. audubonii, but averaging a little smaller. Hab. 
Southern Mexico (tierra caliente) north to Vera Cruz. 
I. melanocephalus (WaGL.). Black-headed Oriole.! 
v*. Bill distinctly decurved terminally. 
c. Tail longer than wing, graduated for at least as much as length of 
tarsus; adult males yellow, or orange, and black. 
@. Tail graduated for much more than length of tarsus; adults with 
entire head and neck black. (Adult males: Head, neck, chest, 
' back, scapulars, wings, except lesser and middle coverts, upper 
tail-coverts, and tail, uniform deep black; rest of plumage yel- 
low, or orange, the lower tail-coverts sometimes black. Adult 
females similar, but colors duller. Young males: The black first 
appearing on wings, chest, throat, cheeks, and forehead, the 
black of head and neck at one stage occupying precisely the 
same area as in adult male of £ cucullatus. Older: Head, nape, 
fore-part and sides of neck, and chest entirely black, but lower 
hind-neck, back, and scapulars olive-yellow, like lower back and 
rump.” Still older: Similar to the last, but back and scapulars 
mixed with black. Young of year: Without any black, the 
upper parts dull olive, duller and browner on back, the 
wings and middle tail-feathers dusky, with olivaceous edgings, 
rest of tail-feathers olive, with yellowish edges, and lower 
1 Psarocolius melanocephalus Wact., Isis, 1829, 756. Icterus melanocephalue Hann & Kester, Vig. aus 
Asien, Lief. vi. 2, pl. 3. 
2Tn this stage exactly resembling in coloration the fully adult plumage of J. melanocephalus and I. audu- 
bonii, except that the secondaries, etc., lack the white edgings of the latter, while in Z. wagleri the tail-coverts 
are black. 
