382 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
Famity FRINGILLIDA.—THE Fincues, Sparrows, ETc. (Page 321.) 
a’, Mandibles falcate, crossed at tipS......-.ese0 Baa acietvesie Vas excise Loxia. (Page 392.) 
a’, Mandibles not falcate nor crossed at tips. 
6. Conspicuously crested. 
c. Culmen strongly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible deeply 
sinuated or concave in middle portion.. Pyrrhuloxia. (Page 443.) 
ce, Culmen only slightly curved, and cutting-edge of upper mandible more 
or less convex in middle portion............ Cardinalis. (Page 441.) 
&. Not crested. 
ce. Width of bill at base equal to its length, and basal outline of lower man- 
dible, underneath, doubly concave............ Pyrrhula. (Page 388.) 
ce. Width of bill at base decidedly less than its length, and basal outline 
of lower mandible, underneath, simply concave. 
d', Depth of bill at base greater than length of hind-toe, with claw, 
and more than three-fourths as long as tarsus. 
Coccothraustes. (Page 386.) 
d@. Depth of bill at base less than length of hind-toe, with claw, and 
less than two-thirds as long as of tarsus. 
e. Nasal plumules covering nearly basal half of upper mandible. 
Pinicola. (Page 387.) 
e’, Nasal plumules covering very much less than basal half of 
upper mandible. 
J’. Base of gonys midway between tip and lateral base of 
lower mandible........... Plectrophenax. (Page 402.) 
jf’. Base of gonys decidedly nearer to lateral base than 
tip of lower mandible. 
g'. Gonys slightly convex; a light brownish spot or 
speculum at base of quills.. Passer. (Page 401.) 
g. Gonys not appreciably convex; no light spot or 
speculum at base of quills. 
h‘. Primaries exceeding secondaries by more than 
length of tarsus. 
@, Wing at least five times as long as tarsus. 
j. Wing less than 3.50. 
f. Tail three-fourths as long as wing; 
nasal tufts conspicuous. 
Acanthis. (Page 395.) 
H. Tail less than two-thirds as long as 
wing; nasal tufts inconspicuous. 
i. Exposed culmen decidedly 
shorter than tarsus; adults 
without red on head, and 
