LEUCOSTICTE. 393 
often more yellowish, beneath ; wings and tail as in male, but duller black. 
Young: Pale olivaceous, more dingy whitish, tinged with yellowish, be- 
neath, everywhere streaked with dusky ; wings and tail much as in adults. 
Length 6.00-6.50, wing 3.50, tail 2.60. Hab. Northern North America, 
breeding from northern New England and higher northern Rocky Moun- 
tains northward; south, in winter, to or beyond lat. 40°. 
522. L. leucoptera GmEL. White-winged Crossbill. 
Genus LEUCOSTICTE Swanson. (Page 383, pl. CVI, figs. 4, 5.) 
Species. 
Common Cuaracters.—Adult: Plumage uniform brownish, above and below, 
(sometimes slightly broken by whitish or reddish tips to the feathers) ; tail-coverts 
dusky, broadly tipped with rose-pink, or else pale hoary gray or silvery white, 
with darker shaft-streaks. Jn summer, bill entirely deep black, feathers of anterior 
lower parts without paler tips or margins, and red tints brighter. Jn winter, bill 
yellow, tipped with blackish, feathers of anterior lower parts tipped or margined 
terminally with whitish, the red tints of a pinkish hue. Young: Plain brownish, 
without black or gray on head or rosy tips to tail-coverts, etc. Vest built among 
rocks, bulky, composed of grasses, ete., lined with soft feathers. Hggs pure white, 
without markings. 
a. Sides of lower mandible with a distinct oblique ridge near base; tail-feathers, 
primaries, secondaries, greater wing-coverts, and primary coverts dusky, 
edged with paler; tail-coverts dusky, broadly tipped with rose-pink in adults. 
(Subgenus Leucosticte.) 
b. Nasal tufts white. 
c. Head of adult partly ash-gray. 
ad. Tarsus .85, or more, culmen .50, or more; wing usually more than 
4.30, tail usually more than 3.30. 
Adult : Forehead and fore-part of crown black; throat dusky ; 
rest of head uniform ash-gray; general color of plumage 
dark chocolate-brown, with a chestnut cast on breast, the 
feathers of posterior portions tipped with rose-pink. 
Young: Uniform grayish brown, more or less washed 
with a more umber tint; wings and tail dusky slate, the 
feathers bordered with paler; edges of greater wing-coverts 
and tertials dull buffy; no trace of pink on tail-coverts, 
etc., or of gray or black on head. Length about 7.50-8.50, 
wing 4.20-4.85 (4.49), tail 3.15-3.90 (3.49), culmen .50-.62 
(.57), tarsus .85-1.00 (.95). Hggs .95 x .67. Hab. Aleutian 
and Prybilof Islands, Alaska; west to Commander Islands, 
Kamtschatka, east to Kadiak. 
523. L. griseonucha (Branpr). Aleutian Leucosticte. 
50 
