396 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
blackish bill, the red of a brighter tint and the colors darker than in winter, during 
which season the bill is yellow tipped with black, the lighter markings more pro- 
nounced, and the plumage in general more or less strongly suffused with buffy or 
light ochraceous-brown.) Nest a rather bulky structure composed of small twigs, 
straws, etc., mixed with feathers, warmly lined with soft feathers, etc., placed in 
bushes or small trees. Hggs 2-5, pale bluish green, speckled, chiefly round larger 
end, with reddish brown, sometimes mixed with a few black specks or lines. 
a, Adults with top of head (crown) bright red (usually crimson), and a dusky spot 
covering chin and upper part of throat; plumage without sulphur-yellow 
tinge in any part. 
b.. Wing exceeding tail by less than length of tarsus; rump plain white or 
pinkish ; sides very narrowly or sparsely, or not at all, streaked; under 
tail-coverts with darker shaft-streaks narrow and indistinct, or some- 
times altogether wanting; inner webs of tail-feathers very broadly 
edged with white; plumage in general very light, with whitish or light 
grayish prevailing on upper parts, the lower parts almost entirely white ; 
adult males with chest and sides of breast merely tinged with delicate 
peach-blossom pink. 
c’. Larger (length about 5.50-6.50), with proportionally thicker and less 
acute bill. Male: Wing 3.35-3.45 (3.37), tail 2.70-2.85 (2.75), ex- 
posed culmen .32-.37 (.35), depth of bill at base .30-.32 (.31), tarsus 
.62-.70 (.66), middle toe .32-.37 (35). Female: Wing 3.25-3.35 
(3.31), tail 2.65-2.80 (2.74), exposed culmen .35-.38 (.36), depth of 
bill at base .30-.32 (.31), tarsus .62~.68 (.64), middle toe .32-.37 (.35). 
Hab. Northern Greenland (breeding from 69°-73° N. latitude) and 
eastern Arctic America, south to Labrador in winter. 
527. A. hornemannii (Hoxs.). Greenland Redpoll. 
ce. Smaller (length about 4.50-5.25), with proportionally smaller and more 
acute bill. Male: Wing 2.95-3.10 (3.02), tail 2.50-2.55 (2.52), ex- 
posed culmen .30, depth of bill at base .22-.25 (.23), tarsus .52-.58 
(.55), middle toe .30-.32 (.80). Female: Wing 2.80-3.05 (2.87), tail 
2.30-2.60 (2.46), exposed culmen .28-.32 (.29), depth of bill at base 
.20-.25 (.22), tarsus .50-.57 (.54), middle toe .28-.30 (.29). Eggs .68 
X< 51. Hab. Circumpolar continental regions; in North America, 
south, in winter, rarely, to northern border of United States. 
527a. A. hornemannii exilipes (Cougs). Hoary Redpoll. 
b%. Wing exceeding tail by more than length of tarsus; rump distinctly 
streaked; sides distinctly, often broadly and heavily, streaked with 
dusky ; under tail-coverts with very distinct dusky mesial streaks ; inner 
webs of tail-feathers very slightly, if at all, edged with white; plumage 
in general darker, with darker markings prevailing on upper parts, the 
lower parts never entirely white; adult males with chest and sides of 
breast deep madder-pink. 
c. Smaller (length 4.50-5.25), with proportionally longer and more acute 
