404 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
Genus CALCARIUS Becusrein. (Page 383, pl. CVIL, fig. 6.) 
Species. 
Common Cuaracters.—Adult males: Top of head black; hind-neck deep rufous 
or buff; rest of upper parts light brownish, broadly streaked with dusky or black; 
outer tail-feathers with more or less of white. Adult females: Above similar to 
males, but without black on head, and usually without distinct rufous or buff on 
hind-neck ; lower parts mainly dull whitish or buffy. Nest on ground, composed 
of dried grasses, etc., lined with feathers, ete. Hggs 3-6, dull whitish, spotted or 
speckled with brown (varying to nearly uniform brownish). 
a’, Wing more than 3.50; all the tail-feathers with inner webs dusky at base (in 
C. pictus confined, on exterior feather, to inner edge). 
6. Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly dusky; under wing-coverts and axil- 
lars grayish white, distinctly grayish beneath surface; breast and belly 
white. Adult male in summer: Head and chest deep black, relieved by a 
broad white or buffy stripe behind eye, continued downward (vertically) 
behind ear-coverts and then backward along sides of chest; sides broadly 
streaked or striped with black ; rest of under parts white ; hind-neck deep 
chestnut-rufous ; lesser wing-coverts grayish, feathers black in centre. 
Adult male in winter: Black of head confined to crown, posterior and 
lower border of ear-coverts, lower part of throat, and patch on chest, 
and more or less obscured by whitish or pale brownish tips to feathers ; 
sides of head (including lores and greater part of ear-coverts) mostly 
dull light brownish ; rufous on hind-neck also similarly obscured. Adult 
Semale in summer: Much like winter male, but markings more sharply 
defined, black areas of chest, etc., more restricted and still more broken, 
hind-neck streaked with blackish, and size smaller. Adult female in win- 
ter: Similar to summer plumage, but browner and less sharply streaked 
above, hind-neck often without trace of rufous, lower parts dull brown- 
ish white, and dusky markings of chest, etc., very indistinct. Young: 
Above tawny buffy, everywhere (except on wings and tail) broadly 
streaked with black; beneath pale buffy, the lower throat, chest, and 
sides of breast broadly streaked with blackish. Male: Length about 
6.10-6.90, wing 3.60-3.90. Female: Length about 5.50-6.00, wing 3.50- 
3.60. Eggs .83 X .60, varying from dull whitish spotted with brown to 
nearly uniform umber-brown. Hab. Circumpolar regions; in North 
America migrating southward to northern United States, sometimes as 
far as South Carolina (rarely), Kentucky, Kansas, Nevada, ete. 
536. C. lapponicus (Linn.). Lapland Longspur. 
6%. Inner web of outer tail-feather chiefly white; under wing-coverts and axil- 
lars wholly pure white; entire lower parts buffy. Adult male in summer: 
Top and sides of head deep black, relieved by a broad white stripe be- 
hind eye, a narrow white stripe along middle portion of ear-coverts, and 
