422 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
Gznus JUNCO Wacter. (Page 385, pl. CIX., fig. 3.) 
Species. 
Common Cuaracters.—Adult : Plumage chiefly plain grayish, entirely without 
streaks, and usually without distinct markings on wings; belly, under tail-coverts, 
and outer tail-feathers white. Young: Profusely streaked, both above and below, 
the ground-color of the lower parts everywhere dull whitish ; outer tail-feathers 
white, as in the adult. Nest usually on ground, rather bulky, composed of dried 
grass-stems, etc., lined with softer materials. Eggs 3-5, whitish, usually more or 
less speckled with reddish brown. 
a. Sides ash-gray, like chest, or, if inclining to pinkish, this color not abruptly 
defined against, or contrasted with, gray or dusky of chest. 
b. Back gray, like chest; bill, in life, pale fiesh-color, purplish horn-color, or 
pinkish white, with dusky tip ; iris dark brown, or claret-color. 
c'. Wing usually with two distinct white bands; larger (length about 6.00- 
7.00, the wing averaging more than 3.25). 
Uniform plumbeous-gray, the head not darker; bill, in life, livid 
pinkish, with dusky tip. Male: Wing 3.15-3.65 (3.44), tail 3.00- 
3.39 (3.20), culmen .52-.54 (.53), tarsus .85-.90 (.86). Female: 
Wing 3.23-3.48 (3.30), tail 3.10-3.28 (3.15), culmen .52-.54 (.53), 
tarsus .80-.88 (.84). Hab. Rocky Mountains, in Colorado and 
Wyoming, straggling east, in winter, to middle Kansas. 
566. J. aikeni Ripcw. White-winged Junco. 
ce, Wing usually without trace of white bands; smaller (length about 5.50- 
6.25, the wing averaging less than 3.20). 
ad, Plumage slate-gray, the head perceptibly darker, approaching 
blackish slate (often nearly black anteriorly) in the male, the 
female (especially younger birds) often strongly tinged with 
brownish, the sides washed with light pinkish brown; bill, in 
life, delicate light fiesh-color, or pinkish white. Male: Wing 
3.00-3.25 (3.09), tail 2.68-2.90 (2.82), culmen .46-.51 (.49), tar- 
sus .80-.86 (.83). Female: Wing 2.87-3.10 (2.95), tail 2.60-2.98 
(2.74), culmen .47.-.50 (.49), tarsus .80~.85 (.83). Eygs .76 x 
.58, colored like those of Spizella pusilla. Hab. Northern North 
America, breeding from northern Maine to Alaska (except Pa- 
cific coast district, or south and east of the peninsula); in win- 
ter, whole of eastern United States, and sparingly westward to 
Pacific coast... 567. J. hyemalis (Linn.). Slate-colored Junco. 
d’, Plumage much as in J. aikeni, but softer and more decidedly plum- 
beous, the wing-bands always (?) obsolete; bill, in life, livid or 
purplish horn-color. Male: Wing 3.03-3.25 (3.17), tail 2.81-3.07 
(2.97), culmen .50-.51 (.51), tarsus .88-.90 (.89). Female: Wing 
