466 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
a, Inner webs of secondaries dusky next to shaft for much the greater part of 
their length ; tail-feathers (except sometimes middle pair) white at base ; bill 
from nostril not more than .55. 
b'. Wing 4.35, or more; lores never wholly deep black ; nasal tufts always 
whitish or grayish on top; basal half of lower mandible light-colored, 
except in summer adults. 
ce, A more or less distinct whitish spot on lower eyelid ; adult (and young) 
with breast. distinctly undulated, or narrowly barred with grayish. 
Summer adult: Above pale ash-gray, becoming white or grayish 
white on forehead, superciliary region, hinder scapulars, lower 
rump, and upper tail-coverts ; lores chiefly blackish gray, but black 
anteriorly and immediately next to eye; beneath white, the breast 
and anterior portion of sides narrowly barred or undulated with 
grayish. Winter adult: Similar, but basal half of lower mandible 
light brownish (horn-grayish in life), and lores chiefly light grayish 
(sometimes even mixed with whitish). Young in first winter: 
Above dull grayish brown, sometimes tinged with light umber- 
brown; wings and tail much duller black; greater wing-coveris 
tipped (sometimes also narrowly edged) with pale brownish buffy ; 
white at base of quills indistinct (sometimes obsolete); ear-coverts 
dusky brownish; lower parts brownish white, more strongly tinged 
with brown laterally, everywhere (except on chin and under tail- 
coverts) very distinctly waved or narrowly barred with dusky 
grayish. Young: Essentially like preceding, but hinder scapu- 
lars, rump, and upper tail-coverts more or less distinctly undulated 
with dusky, the greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and middle tail- 
feathers tipped with pale rusty, and anterior lower parts (in- 
cluding whole breast and anterior portion of sides) nearly uniform 
pale grayish brown, the darker undulations appearing only on close 
inspection. Length 9.25-10.75, wing 4.35-4.60, tail 4.50-4.70, bill 
from nostril .50-.55, tarsus 1.02-1.05. Eggs 1.05 x .76. Hab. 
Northern North America; south, in winter, to Potomac and Ohio 
Valleys, Kansas, Colorado, Nevada, northern California, and even 
ATIZONA... cee seeew ese eeee 621. L. borealis Viz1tu. Northern Shrike. 
@. No trace (?) of white on lower eyelid; adult without grayish undula- 
tions or bars on breast or other lower parts; otherwise not obvi- 
ously different from Z. borealis; wing 4.35-4.50, tail 4.30-4.60, bill 
from nostril .52-.55, tarsus 1.00-1.10. Hab. Northern Asia and 
northern and eastern Europe. 
L. borealis sibiricus Boap. Siberian Shrike.! 
b%. Wing less than 4.25; lores and nasal tufts always wholly black in adult;' 
1 Lanius borealis sibiricus Bogpanow, “ Russian Shrikes, etc., p. 102, 1881.” (Gapow.) LZ. major PAu. 
et Auct., nec WILKES. 
Said to have been procured at Chilcat, Alaska (ef. ScHatow, Auk, i. 1884, 292), but the correct identifi- 
cation perhaps open to doubt. 
