LANIUS. 467 
basal half of lower mandible never light-colored, except in young. 
(Adults above ash-gray or slate-gray (varying much in shade), the 
scapulars, lower rump, and upper tail-coverts usually paler, sometimes 
nearly white; lower parts white, sometimes tinged with grayish later- 
ally, usually not undulated or otherwise marked.) 
c’, Adults pure white beneath, rarely much tinged laterally with grayish, 
and very rarely with obvious grayish undulations or bars on breast ; 
gray of upper parts of a pure ash- or slate-gray cast. 
@, Darker, the upper tail-coverts usually not distinctly paler than 
rump, and never (?) whitish; sides usually faintly tinged with 
gray; wing, tail, and tarsus averaging shorter, and bill larger ; 
length 8.50-9.50, wing 3.75-4.00 (3.83), tail 3.65-4.25 (3.97), bill 
from nostril .43-.50 (.47), depth of bill at base .34-.38 (.35), tar- 
sus 1.00-1.10 (1.05). Eggs .97 x .73. Hab. More southern por- 
tions of eastern United States, but north, irregularly, to Ohio, 
Vermont, etc., regularly to Virginia and southern Illinois. 
622. L. ludovicianus Linn. Loggerhead Shrike. 
@’. Paler, the upper tail-coverts usually more or less distinctly 
whitish, the scapulars more extensively white, the sides usu- 
ally very faintly, if at all, tinged with gray; wings, tail, and 
tarsus averaging longer and bill smaller; length 8.00-10.00, 
wing 3.75-4.10 (3.94), tail 3.75-4.30 (4.06), bill from nostril 
-42-.50 (.46), depth at base .30-.35 (.32), tarsus 1.00-1.15 (1.09). 
iggs .97 X .72. Hab. Central region of North America, north 
to the Saskatchewan, south over table-lands of Mexico, west 
to Lower California, Arizona, Nevada, etc., east across Great 
Plains, and, sporadically, through basin of the Great Lakes to 
northern New York.... 622a. L. ludovicianus excubitorides 
(Swarns.). White-rumped Shrike. 
c’. Adults dull white or grayish white beneath, strongly gray laterally, 
the breast usually distinctly undulated or narrowly barred with 
grayish, under parts sometimes strongly tinged with pale brown or 
dull vinaceous; gray of upper parts having a more or less decided 
brownish, or less bluish, cast. 
About as dark above as Z. ludovicianus (sometimes darker, es- 
pecially on head), the upper tail-coverts, however, sometimes 
abruptly light grayish, or even whitish, as in ZL. excubitorides ; 
tail averaging longer than in either of the more eastern forms, 
the average length of wing intermediate; length 8.00-10.00, 
wing 3.70-4.00 (3.89), tail 3.75-4.50 (4.11), bill from nostril 
43-48 (.46), depth at base .30-.35 (.33), tarsus 1.05-1.15 (1.09). 
Hab. California, especially coast district. 
622). L. ludovicianus gambeli Ripaw. California Shrike. 
1 New subspecies. It is with extreme reluctance that I have concluded to name, and attempt to character- 
ize, a third race of this species, yet I have felt compelled to do 80, or else drop Z, excubitorides. Typical exam- 
