536 
NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
chin and upper throat, the chest (sometimes sides also) more or less 
streaked with dusky. Winter plumage: Above decidedly more brown 
than in summer; beneath much duller buffy (without any cinnamon 
tint), the streaks on breast usually broader. Young: Above dull 
brownish gray; beneath dull brownish white, the chest spotted or 
broadly streaked with blackish. Length 6.00-7.00, wing 3.20-3.50, 
tail 2.65-2.85, tarsus .85-.90. Eggs .78 x 57. Hab. Whole of North 
America, breeding from Labrador and high mountains of Colorado 
(above timber-line), etc., to Arctic coast. 
697. A. pensilvanicus (LatH.). American Pipit. 
. Back, scapulars, and top of head umber-brown or tawny olive, conspicuously 
streaked with black. 
c. Back and scapulars without distinct whitish streaks. 
@. Rump and upper tail-coverts nearly plain brown or olive super- 
ficially, the darker streaks almost wholly concealed; chin, 
throat, etc., never fawn-color. Summer adult: Above rather 
light umber- or olive-brown, the top of head narrowly and back 
broadly streaked with black; wings and tail dusky, the mid- 
dle wing-coverts broadly margined terminally with dull buffy 
whitish, the greater coverts more narrowly margined with 
same; beneath dull buffy whitish (the throat and breast some- 
times deep buffy), the chest and sides (including sides of throat) 
sharply streaked with brownish black. Winter plumage: Above 
brighter, more olive, brown, beneath decided buff, the mark- 
ings asin summer. Young: Above light grayish brown, more 
broadly, but less sharply, streaked than in adult; beneath 
light buffy, tinged with olive, streaked much as in adult. 
Length about 5.50-6.25, wing 3.00-3.20, tail 2.40-2.50, tarsus 
85. Eggs .78 x .59. Hab. Europe; northern Africa in winter ; 
occasional in southern Greenland. 
698. A. pratensis (Linn.). Meadow Pipit. 
ad. Rump and upper tail-coverts conspicuously streaked with black- 
ish; chin, throat, etc., deep cinnamon buff or fawn-color in full 
adult plumage. Adult ( full plumage’): Superciliary stripe, malar 
region, chin, and throat (sometimes chest also) uniform fawn- 
color or cinnamon-buff; otherwise as in A. pratensis, except 
that the rump and upper tail-coverts are distinctly streaked or 
striped with blackish. (Other plumages resembling correspond- 
ing stages of A. pratensis, but always distinctly streaked or 
striped with blackish on rump and upper tail-coverts, and color 
of upper parts less olivaceous—more brown in immature winter | 
dress.) Length about 5.00-6.00, wing 3.15-3.50, tail 2.35-2.55, 
1 This is usually described as the summer plumage; but of the five specimens in this plumage which are 
at this moment before me, two were shot in December and one in September, the latter being in fresh fall 
plumage; the date of one specimen is not recorded. 
