538 NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS. 
Famity CINCLIDAZ.—Tue Drrrers, (Page 323.) 
Genera. 
(Characters same as those given for the Family)... Cinclus. (Page 538.) 
Genus CINCLUS Becustzin. (Page 538, pl. CXIX., fig. 5.) 
Species. 
Common Cuaracters (of North American species).—Color plain grayish, the 
head sometimes more brownish; young and winter specimens with larger feathers 
of wings and those of posterior lower parts bordered with whitish, the lower parts 
decidedly whitish or much suffused with white in young. 
a‘. Adult in summer: Uniform slate-grayish, the head and neck more brownish 
(sometimes decidedly brown); bill entirely black. Winter plumage: Similar, 
but tertials, greater wing-coverts, and feathers of lower parts bordered ter- 
minally with whitish ; lower mandible light-colored on basal portion. Young: 
Similar to winter plumage, but lower parts more or less mixed with white, 
and tinged posteriorly with rusty. Length 7.00-8.50, wing 3.40-3.81, tail 
1.90-2.12, culmen .60-.70, tarsus 1.00-1.20. West built within a very bulky 
oven-shaped structure composed of closely compacted green mosses, the en- 
trance on one side, the nest proper embedded in the floor of the “ house,” and 
composed of fine rootlets, etc.; the nest built among rocks near running 
water, often behind a cascade. Eygs 3-5, 1.02 x .70, plain pure white. Hab. 
Mountainous districts of western North America, north to Alaska (Yukon 
Valley, where resident), south to Costa Rica. 
701. C. mexicanus Swarns. American Dipper. 
a. Adult: Above bluish gray, or plumbeous, slightly darker on head; beneath ash- 
gray, lighter anteriorly, more plumbeous on sides. Young: Chin, throat, 
and chest white; other lower parts grayish white, tinged with plumbeous 
laterally ; wing-coverts tipped with grayish white, the quills and secondaries 
bordered terminally with pure white. Wing 3.50-3.65, tail about 2.00, cul- 
men .70-.72, tarsus 1.28-1.30. Hab. Mountains of Costa Rica and Veragua. 
C. ardesiacus Satv. Costa Rican Dipper.! 
Famity TROGLODYTIDA.—Tue Wrens, THRASHERS, ETC. 
(Page 322.) 
Genera. 
a’. Rictal bristles well developed; inner toe entirely free at base from middle toe; 
wing 3.50, or more. (Subfamily Mimine.) 
b. Tail shorter than wing, nearly even.........ssecee Oroscoptes. (Page 541.) 
1 Cinclus ardesiucus SAtv., Ibis, 1867, 121, pl. 2. 
