TURDUS. 575 
f?. Length about 6.25-7.25, wing 3.40-3.80 (3.65), tail 2.60- 
2.70 (2.75), culmen .50-.52 (.51), targus 1.10-1.25 (1.13). 
Figgs .87 X .63. Hab. In summer, higher mountains of 
northeastern United States (Catskills, White Moun- 
tains, etc.), and Nova Scotia; Illinois (autumn); win- 
ter quarters unknown....... 757a. T. aliciz bicknelli 
Rivew. Bicknell’s Thrush. 
@, A very distinct orbital ring of buff or whitish. (Above uniform 
olive, varying from a grayish to a russet tint, the wings, 
sometimes tail also, slightly browner, or less olive, than back; 
sides of head with a strong buffy suffusion; chest buffy, 
marked with triangular spots of brown or dusky. West in 
bushes, usually near water, bulky, and compact, and neatly 
constructed of mosses, shreds of bark, etc. Hggs light green- 
ish blue, averaging decidedly paler than in 7. alicia, spotted 
with rusty brown.) 
é’. Above russet-brown, the wings and tail often appreciably 
browner or more rufescent; chest pale buff, marked 
with rather small and usually narrow cuneate spots 
of dark brown; length 6.90-7.60, wing 3.60-4.00 (8.87), 
tail 2.80-3.30 (3.05), culmen .50-.60 (.54), tarsus 1.10- 
1.20 (1.13). Hggs 93 x .67. Hab. Pacific coast, north 
to Sitka; south, in winter, through western Mexico to 
Guatemala. 
758. T. ustulatus Nurr. Russet-backed Thrush. 
e’. Above decidedly olivaceous, sometimes even inclining to 
grayish, the wings and tail concolor with, or at least not 
very different from, the back; chest yellower buff, marked 
with large, broad, dusky (sometimes blackish) triangular 
spots; length 6.35-7.55, wing 3.80-4.10 (3.96), tail 2.80- 
3.10 (2.95), eculmen .50-.55 (.52), tarsus 1.05-1.18 (1.10). 
Figgs .90 x .65. Hab. Eastern North America, but west 
to and including Rocky Mountains (as far as East Hum- 
boldt Mountains and the upper Columbia), breeding chiefly 
north of the United States, wintering from Gulf States 
and Mississippi Valley south to Cuba, Guatemala, Costa 
Rica, Panama, and Peru.. 758a. T. ustulatus swainsonii 
(CaB.). Olive-backed Thrush. 
c. Second quill shorter than fifth, the fourth longest; tail and its upper 
coverts rufous, in decided contrast with the color of the back. 
(Chest, and a distinct orbital ring, buffy, sometimes nearly white, 
the former marked with large triangular spots of dusky. Nest on 
ground, in damp or swampy woods, composed of dead leaves, dry 
grasses, ete. Lyggs plain greenish blue, paler than in J. muste- 
linus and T. fuscescens.) 
