316 
Algm, 52, 53, 58, 60, 62, 63, 73; in 
Archegoniates, 104, 105; in Fungi, 
83, 84, 85; in Spermatophytes, 160. 
Shield-fern (Aspidium), 135, Fig. 35. 
Shooting-star (Dodecatheon, 217, 
Fig. 52. 
Siberia, 230. 
Sierra Nevada, 174, 205, 279. 
Sieve-tubes, 124. 
Sigillaria, 147, 226. 
Silene, 206, Fig. 49. 
Silurian formations, 174, 221, 222, 223. 
Simplest forms of life, 31, 284. 
Siphonez, 27, 56, 57, 58, 77, 79, 83, 
99, 221, 222, 288; fossil S., 221, 222; 
structure of, 56, 57, 58; Figs. 11, 12. 
Sleep movements, 24, 283. 
Slime-moulds (Mycetozoa), 3, 24, 31, 
32, 33, 37, 38, 45, Fig. 4. 
Smuts (Ustilaginew), 95, 96. 
Snails, 249. 
Snow-plant (Sarcodes sanguinea), 
205, 279. 
Solanum jasminoides, 278, Fig. 60. 
Sorrel-tree (Oxydendrum), 213, Fig. 
52. 
Sorus, 135, 163, 164, Figs. 35, 40. 
South America, 231, 237, 239. 
Spadix, 185. 
Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides), 
194, 238, 276. 
Sparganium, Sparganiacez, 186, 198. 
Spathe, 185, 186, 246, 247, Fig. 55. 
Speedwell (Veronica), 215, Fig. 53. 
Spermatophytes, Spermatophyta (see 
also ‘‘ Flowering plants,’ ‘Seed 
plants’’), 16, 20, 21, 155, 158, 159, 
160, 164, 184, 292, 293; classifica- 
tion, 161; fossil S., 226, 227, 228, 
229; structure of, 158, 159, 160. 
Spermatozoid, 23, 27, 39, 41, 53, 54, 
58, 62, 63, 69, 70, 73, 83, 103, 108, 
119, 128, 129, 140, 144, 145, 146, 149, 
150, 152, 155, 160, 163, 166, 169, 170, 
175, 181, 285, 287, 289, Figs. 6, 14, 
18, 26, 33, 38, 39, 40. 
Spermatium (of Red Algs), 73, 74, 
75, Fig. 20.. 
Sperm-cell, 103, 150, 160, 169, 181. 
INDEX 
Spermothamnium, 74, Fig. 20. 
Spherocarpus, 109, Fig. 28. 
Sphzrotheca, 91, Fig. 24. 
Sphagnum, Sphagnacee (see also 
“ Peat-mosses ’’), 113, 114, 115, 116, 
Fig. 29. 
Sphenophyllex, 225, 
Sphinx moths, 249. 
Spiderwort (Tradescantia), 4, Fig. 1. 
Spines, 260, 261, 272. 
Spirwa, 210, Fig. 51. 
Spirillum rubrum, 35, Fig. 5. 
Spirogyra, 59, 60, 265, Fig. 13. 
Spirotenia, 60. 
Sporangium, 32, 44, 67, 68, 72, 82, 86, 
94, 125, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 140, 
141, 143, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 158, 
159, 178, 184, 223; Algze, 67, 68, 72; 
Equisetum, 140; Eusporangiate, 
132, 133; Fungi, 82, 86; Lepto- 
sporangiate, 134, 135; Lycopods, 
143 Pteridophytes, 125; Sperma- 
tophytes, 158, 159. 
Spore, 7, 18, 28, 32, 33, 35, 36, 45, 53, 
54, 63, 73, 75, 82, 83, 84, 87, 107 
109, 110, 117, 125, 133, 135, 139, 
140, 141, 145, 146, 158, 159, 160, 162, 
163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 174, 180, 
203. 
Spore-fruit, Sporocarp, 72, 75, 77, 87, 
90, 92, 93, 94, 95. 
Sporogenous tissue, 75, 105, 109, 110, 
111, 112, 117, 125, 132, 133, 134, 135, 
160, 168, 186, 293. 
Sporogonium (see also 
phyte’’), 108, 124. 
Sporophore, 90. 
Sporophyll, 182, 140, 141, 143, 146, 
161, 163, 164, 165, 168, 169, 170, 177, 
244, 293. 
Sporophyte, 55,77, 105, 108, 109, 110, 
111, 112, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 
121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 130, 131, 
182, 187, 139, 140, 141, 146, 153, 154, 
158, 162, 165, 167, 170, 171, 172, 289, 
290, 291; of Ferns, 129, 130, 131; 
of Liverworts, 108, 109, 110, 112, 
115, 120, 129; of Mosses, 116, 117; 
of Spermatophytes, 167, 182, 
“ Sporo- 
