LANIUS. 645 



This is a common species about Bliam6, but it becomes less abundant, as we 

 ascend the Kakhyen hills and reach the long elevated valley of Sanda, to the east 

 of which, I did not observe it. In the Irawady valley, I always found it in the 

 neighbourhood of long grass, in marshy unfrequented places ; and on the hills, in 

 grassy hollows surrounded by the jungle, and through which some stream ran. I 

 did not observe it below Bham6. 



140. Lanitjs cristatus, Linnaeus. 



The Crested Red or Russet BiitcJier-Bird, Edwards, N. H. Birds, ii, p. 54, pi. liv, 1747. 



La Pie-Griesche rousse de Bengale, Briss. Orn., ii, p. 173, 1760. 



Lanius cristatus, lAmi.jSy si. Nat., t. i, p. 134, 1766; Gray, Cat. Mamm., &c., Nepal, Hodgs., 

 p, 100, 1846; Jerdon, B. Ind., vol. i, p. 406, 1862; Beavan, Ibis, 1865, p. 418; id., op. at., 

 1870, p. 312 ; Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 213; Gray, Handl. B., vol. i, p. 393, 1869; Swinhoe, 

 Proc. Zool. See, 1871, p. 375; HoMsw., Proc. Zool. Soc, 1872, p. 436; Hume & Renders., 

 Lahore to Yarkand, p. 182, 1873; Hume, Nests and Eggs, Ind. B., p. 175, 1873; Blyth & 

 Walden, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, vol. xliv, 1875, ex. No., p. 121 ; Ball, Stray Feathers, 1873, 

 p. 65 ; Hume, o]). cit., 1874, p. 198 ; Ball, t. c., p. 399 ; Hume, t. c, p. 473 ; Hume, op. cit., 

 1875, p. 91 ; Butler, t. c, p. 464; Fairbank, op. cit., 1876, p. 256 ; Armstrong, t. c, p. 316 ; 

 Hume, op. cit., 1877, p. 29 ; Butler, t. c, p. 238. 



Lanius phcenicunis, Pall. Reis., Bd. iii, p. 693, 1776 ; Gm., Syst. Nat., t. i, p. 309, 1788; Sundev., 

 K. Vet. Akad., StockhL, 1840, p. 36; Midd., Sibir. Reis., Bd. ii, p. 188, 1851; Blasius, 

 Naum., 1858, p. 310 ; id.. Ibis, 1862, p. 66 ; Schrenk, Amur-Reis., Bd. i, p. 384, 1860 ; Radde, 

 Reis. Ost-Sibir., Bd. ii, p. 277, 1863; Walden, Ibis, 1867, p. 216, pi. v, fig. 2; Gray, Handl. 

 B., i, p. 393 ; Przew., in Rowley's Om. Misc., part vi, p. 274. 



Crested Red Shrike, Lath., Gen. Syn., vol. i, pt. i, pp. 170, 178. 



Lanius melanotis, Valenc., Diet. Sei. Nat., xl, p. 227, 1826 ; Pucher. Arch. Mus., t. vii, p. 434. 



Lanius ferrugiceps, Hodgs., Ind. Review, 1837, p. 446. 



Colluris ferrugiceps, Hodgs., in Gray's Zool. Misc., p. 84, 1844. 



Enneoctomis lucionensis, Gray, Gen. B., vol. i, p. 291, 1847; Swinhoe, Ibis, 1804, p. 430. 



Enneoctonus jihosnicwrus, Gray, Gen. B., vol. i, p. 291, 1847; Bonap. Consp., t. i, p. 362, 1850; 

 Cab., Mus. Hein., th. i, p. 72, 1850. 



Enneoctonus cristatus, Bonap. Consp., t. i, p. 362,1850 ; Cab., Mus. Hein., th. i, p. 72, 1850; Horsf. 

 & Moore, Cat. B. Mus. E. Ind. Co., vol. i, p. 167,1854. 



Otomela phcenicura, Bonap., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, p. 436. 



Otomela cristatus, Bonap., t. c, p. 437 ; Schalow, Journ. f. Orn,, 1875, p. 130. 



a. i Ponsee, May 1868. 



Among nineteen specimens of IJ. cristcdus from the same locality, the rufous 

 is not alike in two, and in one sjoecimen the head and the back of the neck are 

 marked off distinctly from the rufous olive of the back. I think there can be 

 little doubt that this amount of variation depends greatly on the age of the speci- 

 mens. In two specimens from Amoy referred by Swinhoe to L. lucionensis, but 

 of different ages, the light slaty frontal area in one extends further back than in 

 the other which has the top of the head darker. 



This bird was not uncommon about the viUage of Ponsee. 



