132 BEEF PRODUCTION 



Previous to the dipping, the scales should be loosened 

 up with a brush or broom to allow the mixture to thor- 

 oughly penetrate the diseased areas. See that the head 

 and all parts of the body are immersed. After cattle 

 are dipped they should not be allowed to go back to 

 infested pastures or stables, or be allowed to mix with 

 infected cattle, as they would thus become reinfected 

 and all the benefits of the dipping would be lost. 



In order to make the operation a success, the dipping- 

 should be repeated within ten days to kill the parasites 

 that have hatched out since the last dipping, before 

 they have time to lay their eggs. 



Pregnant cows and heifers should not be dipped 

 after they are more than three or four months advanced, 

 and even previous to that time care should be taken to 

 avoid crowding in the chutes. 



It is best to dip twice in the fall and twice in the 

 spring, at intervals of ten days. The dipping usually 

 costs from five to eight cents per head. 



LICE 



The two most common kinds of lice found on cattle 

 are the long-nosed ox louse and the short-nosed ox 

 louse. The methods of eradication are the same as for 

 mange. 



RINGWORM 



There are two kinds of ringworm, Tinea tonsurans 

 and Tinea favosa. Tinea tonsurans is caused by a 

 minute fungus which affects the hair and the epidermic 

 layer of the skin. It forms circular patches on the body 

 where the hair falls off and the skin becomes slightly 

 inflamed, followed by the formation of scaly, brittle 

 crusts. After the patches become incriisted they have 

 a silvery gray appearance, and are confined mostly to 

 the head and neck. It is a very common disease among 

 young cattle in the winter and spring. It is highly 

 contagious, being readily transmitted from one animal 



