4^ KALM'S ENGLAND. 



lie in the neighbourhood of London, on the Kent side as 

 well as on the Essex and other sides, resemble outwardly 

 to a great extent the hills in Hertfordshire, which com- 

 monly under the top soil, ofra jord-skarpan, consist of 

 bare chalk. Reasoning upon analogy I was inclined to 

 think that the hills in the neighbourhood of London also 

 consisted lower down of solid chalk,* and that only at 

 the top lay a thick crust of the brick-colored clay, which 

 occurs everywhere about here ; but several people whom 

 I consulted about this denied utterly that there is any 

 chalk under these hills. To-day I got still farther evidence 

 that this seems to have the truth on its side, for Professor 

 Burmester told me that he had seen down at Woolwich 

 a shaft, graf eller grop, dug to about twenty English 

 yards down through such a hill, where the strata lay 

 nearly in this order : — 



On the top soil, svartmylla .... 



Then a stratum of the brick-colored clay . . . 



Further down a bed of all sorts of mussel and snail 

 shells .... 



Next to that a bed of a hard clay full of small round 

 stones .... 



Under which a fine white sand which continued 

 without being bottomed [T. I. p. 417] as far down as the 

 pit was dug, but no chalk occurs in this hill.f A man, 

 who lives close to it, was said to be the owner of this pit, 

 out of which he sells the fine sand to various persons to 

 use for their brick-making andother purposes. 



Vinter-Krassa til Sallad. Winter-Cress for Salad. 



Erysimum, 557 [E. Barbarea, now Barbarea Vulgaris'] 

 or Winter-Cress, grows abundantly in England on the 



* Kalm was right. The chalk underlies the whole of the London basin. [J. L.] 

 f This section must have gone close on to the chalk, but did not quite 

 reach it. [J. L.] 



