4 KALM S ENGLAND. 



some boats they had so arranged the steering apparatus 

 that one could sit forward in the boat and steer it. On 

 the top of the rudder was set crossways, a ' tiller ' or board 

 of some two feet long, which was parallel with the stern- 

 panel of the boat, when the rudder was directed end 

 backwards or in linea recta with the boat's keel. On to 

 both ends of the tiller was fastened a small cord or 

 ' tiller-line,' tag, wherewith they turn the rudder where 

 they will. Thus one could tie the tiller-ropes to his arms 

 and steer, but equally do what he liked with his hands. 



Landets beskaffenhet omkring Themsen. The 

 landscape around the Thames where we were sailing was 

 pleasant, and one of the prettiest I had ever hitherto seen. 

 The Thames was for the most part three to four musket- 

 shots wide. On both sides the strands, Stranderna, were 

 sometimes rather high and steep, especially farther down 

 towards Gravesend, sometimes quite low, remarkably so 

 farther up towards London. Next to the river there 

 lay for the most part meadows, angar. Farther up 

 [T. I. p. 141] from the Strand, the country was sloping 

 from the hills down towards the river, and on these 

 slopes appeared ploughed fields, akrar, which were con- 

 sequently very favourably situated. 



No dikes, diken, could we see ; but in place of 

 gardesgardar (fences) there were mostly hackar, 

 hedges of different kinds of bushes. 



Beautiful buildings, mostly of brick, sten, made a 

 show everywhere, yet we saw some small houses of cross- 

 beams covered with boards. A number of churches 

 adorned the country in many places along by the river, 

 all of stone, and with more or less high towers. 



A great number of church towers were built in the 

 same way as the city gates of Moscow, viz. : the walls 

 were cut off horizontally a little above the church, so as 

 to leave the section square at the top. 



