2 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



the surface of the water. When its back-fins stood 

 above the water they looked in the distance like a sail. 

 The weather was beautiful and the wind moderate, and 

 after a fair passage, on the 4th of February, we caught 

 sight of the English coast and Foreland lighthouse, and 

 at night we cast anchor off Margate. 



Thermometrical Observations were made this day both 

 in the air and in the sea water. In the air, or in the 

 shade on the south side of the ship the Thermometer of 

 Celsius at 10 o'clock in the morning stood 4J above o° 

 [40-1° Fahr.] I had several whole buckets full of water 

 drawn up from the sea, and set the Thermometer in them 

 directly, when the Mercury shot up like an arrow to 8° Cels. 

 [46-4° Fahr.J where it always remained stationary and 

 went neither higher nor lower : but when I took it out of 

 the water and held it in the open air, it again fell in two 

 or three minutes to 4 or 3 above o° Cels. [39/2 or 

 37-4° Fahr.J 



[T. I. p. 139.] At sunrise on the morning of the 5th 

 February, we took a pilot on board, when we at once 

 began to sail up to the River Thames, near and in whose 

 mouth there lies an endless number of banks. 



On the left hand, the English coast was now con- 

 tinuously in sight, and consisted of white chalk, which at 

 the water's-edge was nearly perpendicular. At a distance, 

 as seen from the sea, this country was like enough to the 

 coasts of Estland [Esthonia] although the kind of rock 

 here was altogether different. 



The water was whitish, which was due to the chalky 

 bottom ; for when we drew up the anchor, all that adhered 

 to the anchor-fluke was bare white chalk, mostly dis- 

 integrated and soft like a thick mud. Although small 

 pieces of hard chalk, Krita, occurred amongst it, we 

 did not see any flints or Testacea therein. 



On the land appeared one church after another, with 



