134 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



fuel is from his hedges, which are commonly not far 

 from the farm, but can be carried or carted home as 

 it is required. He never need waste any time in hewing, 

 sawing, and splitting wooden fences, gardsel, and 

 carrying home of staves, samt stafvars tLemforning, 

 because he has around his fields living fences, lefvande 

 gardesgardar, which so far from rotting away, soon 

 grow up where they are properly managed, and thus 

 furnish him yearly with sufficient fuel not only for his 

 own behoof, but also to sell to others. The houses 

 which are built of brick, sten, free him from sawing 

 timbers ; and roofs of tiles, which never rot, from cutting 

 and carrying home rolls of birch bark, roof trees, roof 

 boards, and shingles. The earth, bare of snow and 

 verdant through the whole winter, which gives the 

 cattle for the most part sufficient food, fodo, makes it 

 unnecessary for him to gather nearly so much hay and 

 fodder, foder, as a Swedish Bonde must do, if he 

 * will succeed in other ways. Also there is the great 

 advantage that he can plough and till the earth when 

 he will, and it is convenient, without being obliged to 

 bustle and hasten as in Sweden, where all the labours 

 of fetching food for man and beast come, as it were, 

 at the same time ; and to get to feed sheep on the 

 turnip land with turnips the whole winter time ; to 

 escape having to build houses for cattle and sheep ; to 

 have vegetables out of the kitchen garden the greater 

 part of the year; most of all, never to need to fear that 

 he will suffer harm to his cattle from wolves and bears, 

 Vargar och Bjornar, which do not exist there. 



The 12th March, 1748. 



Hackar i Tragardar. Hedges are used in gardens 

 of different [T. I. p. 160] kinds of trees, which partly 

 grow wild in England, or have been imported from 



