I40 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



hardened, hardade, to stand bad weather than ours in 

 Sweden. The whole of this season there were showers 

 of sleet, snoglopp, or snow mixed with rain every day. 

 The thermometer of Celsius stood also sometimes in the 

 open air as low as 3 below o [26"6° Fahr.J To this I 

 can add that the same thermometer in the room where I 

 slept, lag, which had no fire in it, stood nearly all day 

 yesterday i° below o [30 - 2° F.] and this morning at 

 7 o'clock, 2 below o [28'4° F.], from which it may be 

 imagined how cold it must have been out in the open 

 country, pa fria faltet. None the less for that, and 

 although the snow now covered the ground to a depth of 

 nearly 4 inches, the sheep went night and day out in the in- 

 cisures or the small fenced pastures, ute i tackterna, 

 eller de sma instangde betesmarker, under the 

 open sky without having any house or shelter, hus eller 

 skjul, to go under. I except small lambs and their 

 mothers, who were let under cover. The sheep had this 

 advantage, that the snow seldom lay the whole day over 

 all the ground, but one place and another soon became 

 bare, where they could seek their food. The quantity of 

 wool they now had on them seemed also to be able to 

 protect them tolerably well from the cold. [T. I. p. 166.] 

 Here they had freedom to run night and day about the 

 pastures, but in very many places it is also the practice 

 to drive the sheep in the daytime either on to the arable 

 fields, meadows, or pastures, to bait ; but every night 

 they are set in folds on some arable piece, where they 

 not only by their droppings manure the field, but also 

 come to stand in the fold quite close beside each other, 

 because the fold was expressly made so narrow that they 

 thus might warm each other. After a couple of days, 

 just about, the fold was changed to another place, so that 

 all the field might be equally manured. 



[Kalm was in London 16-20 March.J 



