154 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



Hedera ates af Par och ar en prydnad vid gardar. 



Ivy is eaten by sheep, and is an ornament on houses. 



The carl who accompanied us told us that sheep 

 willingly eat the leaves of ivy. "I had the same story from 

 another afterwards. At St. Alban's, where we dined, this 

 had climbed up the plank fences of some gardens, and 

 covered them, so that at a distance they looked like 

 green-clipped hedges. 



Kallor. 



In the dales we saw here and there springs of 

 running and clear water. [Only the Gade at and below 

 Great Gaddesden, and the Ver at St. Alban's.] 

 Tattare. Gypsies. 



We encountered to-day at several places large 

 troops of the wandering gypsies, with a number of their 

 wives and children, and wondered highly that this useless 

 folk could be tolerated in this country.* 



'■ There is often a layer of flints resting at once on the ' Chalk-rock,' but 

 there are no flints in it." See Mems of the Geol. Survey of Gt. Btn. vol iv., 

 p. 46, 1872, and vol. i., 1889, pp. 67-68. 



On the site of this chalk-pit I observe, pits just dug to the chalk-rock are 

 scarce. As it was on the S.W. side of a hill it must have been west of Great 

 Gaddesden. If Kalm rode across the fields by the path from Home Farm, 

 Little Gaddesden, he would then pass two chalk-pits with the required aspect 

 and depth between Little Gaddesden and St. Margaret's, and as the one on 

 the 500 feet contour west of St. Margaret's touches the chalk-rock beds I 

 believe it to have been this one. I am well acquainted with all the chalk-pits 

 old and new, in the district. [J. L] 



* To a Romano-phil this sounds harsh, but only two years before, or in 

 1746, Jean Gordon was ducked to death in the Eden at Carlisle, a specimen 

 of " toleration " that would have reduced Kalm's wonder, had he been aware 

 of it. It is interesting to find this little notice of English gypsies, which I 

 had not seen when I published my Yetholm History of the Gypsies, Kelso, 

 1882, in which I collected hundreds of passages relating to the gypsies of 

 Europe, which show how fruitless were the various barbarous means used 

 for their extermination from this and other countries. See also p. 353, 

 oris?., p. 161 below. [J. L.] 



