WOODFORD. 157 



the night before, through Bell Bar, Cheshunt, Waltham 

 Cross, and Waltham Abbey, till in the evening we reached 

 Woodford, in Essex. 



JUIICUS til Saten i Stolar. Rushes for Seats of Chairs. 



In several wet places and near the water we saw enough 

 of J-uncus laevis panicufa sparsa major C.B. which grew 

 there [_Juncus effusus L. Soft rush.'] The carl who accom- 

 panied us told us that chair-bottoms are made of this, 

 when it is either plaited in three or twisted with two 

 stems. Poor folk make their living by it.* 



A 



Akrarnas belagenhet ocli lage. 



The situation and condition of certain arable fields. 



We saw at one place a ploughed field, which lay 

 quite fiat. The soil was a grey clay, Jordmon var 

 en gra lera. No flints or very few [T. I. p. 350] 

 appeared on it, a fact which we afterwards noticed on 

 all the fields we saw to-day, viz. : that very few flints 

 occur on them. The afore-named field had last year 

 been sown with pease, when it had been laid out in 

 Three-bouts-land, that is, 6 furrows in every ridge, 6 

 faror i hvar ryggning. The breadth of such a 

 Three-bouts-land was 4 feet 6 inches. The water furrows 

 were drawn between each ridge,ry gg eller uphogning, 

 and were 2 feet wide across the top. The depth of 

 each and every water-furrow was 9 inches. The land 



* In the Tarring (Sussex) Church Accounts, 15 Hen. VIII., 1524, given 

 in Cartwright's Western Sussex (vol. ii. of Dallaway). " It. for a lod of versys 

 xvd."=" a load of rushes," so called probably because they were either 

 twisted or plaited, Lat. Verso (freq. of Verto) to turn often, from side to 

 side, or round about. The proper name as used by the straw-plaiters at 

 Ivinghoe for the bend given to the straw in the operation of plaiting is 

 "turn," e.g., " We put in a speel at every 12th turn." Ivinghoe, Sept. 21st., 

 1886. [J. L.] 



