1 68 



KALM S ENGLAND. 



Byar, magnificent mansions, fruitful fields, meadows, 

 orchards, plantations, skogs-lundar, &c, which here 

 delight the eye. This is also the reason why some of 

 the inhabitants of London partly have [T. I. p. 36b] 

 their own houses here, and partly hire houses here, 

 especially in the summer time. For this reason also, 

 rooms here in the summer are often dearer than in 

 London itself. 



Grindar. Description of various Gates. 



The gates here were of several kinds. I will first 

 describe those which they used very much at the 

 entrances, gang-vagar, in front of, utan for, gentle- 

 men's houses. These were so made that they could be 

 opened, tagas up, both ways, inwards as well as out- 

 wards. 



They are mostly small, made like other gates, but 

 instead of hanging like other gates, on two gang-jarn, 

 " ride-hinges " or ring-hinges, and hackar, " driving- 

 hooks," "gate-hooks," or pivot-hooks of similar shape, 

 the shapes of the lower hinge and " gate-hook," haken, 

 are here quite different from the upper. The upper 

 "driving-hook," hake, is like our common door and 

 gate-hooks, and is constructed as in the accompanying 

 plate, Fig. 1. It is driven into the side of the gate-post, 

 grind-stalpen, which turns towards the gate. The 

 gate, grinden, hangs by a " ride-hinge " on to this 

 hake, or " driving-hook," which "ride-hinge," gang- 

 jarn, is fastened on to the middle of the side of the gate 

 which turns towards the gate-post. 



For the lower hinge, instead of a " ride-hinge," there 

 is driven into the bottom of the gate, 6 inches above the 

 ground, or a little more, a double socket-iron, et jam, 

 of the shape represented in Fig. 2, in which F E is the 

 part which is driven into the side of the gate-frame, 



