1^2 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



where the winters are so mild. The roofs [T. I. p. 182) 

 of the houses are mostly of tiles, which, however, are not 

 concave or trough-shaped, as with us in Sweden, but 

 commonly quite flat and plain, quadrilateral and oblong. 

 They are fastened in this way, that on the under frame- 

 work of the roof, which consists of rafters, are nailed 

 horizontal laths of wood in rows, along the length of the 

 roof, the one a little above the other, or about three 

 fingers' breadth between the laths. On these laths are 

 hung the tiles, which begin down at the eves, takfoten, 

 and so go upwards imbricatim. 



In these tiles there are at the upper end two holes 

 side by side in which are set wooden pegs, which, on the 

 lower or inner side are 3 or 4 inches long ; but on the 

 upper side they are cut off even with the upper surface 

 or outside of the tile. There are always two holes in 

 each tile, although they often do not set more than one 

 peg in either of the holes, because one such a peg seems 

 to suffice. The rain water cannot rot away these pegs, 

 because they are always covered by the projecting end of 

 the tile that lies next above. 



The roofs in these places on that account look exactly 

 like church and other roofs with us in Sweden, covered 

 with square shingles, span, only that the colour is some- 

 what different. On a great many outhouses and a great 

 many cottages, stugor, (which, however, were of brick), 

 the roof, taken, consisted only of straw. 



Tak-resningen, the roof, was here mostly high, and 

 very steep, so as to run off the rainwater more quickly, 

 by which means the roof is rotted less. In some places 

 there were seen some wooden outhouses, whose walls 

 consisted of oak boards. 



Galfven, the floors of the houses, were mostly of fir 

 or pine boards, which they had bought in London. In 

 the lowest story, tiles or some other [T. I. p. 183] stone 

 were used as a floor. 



