1 86 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



reason is said to be to give the water by that means a 

 free escape, so that it might not stand and become acid, 

 sura, and by that means make the grass unwholesome 

 for the sheep. 



Krita, chalk, is seen in many places between St. 

 Alban's and Hempstead spread out on the field as a 

 manure. The arable pieces were nearly as white as chalk 

 with it, since it was in some places laid on in tolerable 

 abundance. They intended now at the first opportunity 

 to plough it down. The soil on which it was laid was 

 the frequently-mentioned coarse, reddish-yellow sand, 

 mingled with a reddish-yellow clay and fragments of flint. 

 Near to Hempstead we saw an entire hill, which con- 

 sisted only of chalk. [T. I. p. 186.J 



Kodynga, cowdung lay in some places carried out 

 into the fields lying in heaps side by side, but not yet 

 spread out. 



Massa, Moss, both Bryum and Hypnum, grew in 

 distressing quantities on all the utmarker, ' out fields ' 

 heaths or commons, and meadows, and acre-reins, which 

 lay near the hedges. It had in these places for the most 

 part strongly taken root ; indeed, many of these meadows 

 and commons resembled in that respect the most mossy 

 of our meadows. 



[Here follows a short notice of a fire in London given 

 above under " London."] 



The 26th March. 



[At Little Gaddesden.] 



In the morning I went to call upon Mr. Ellis but he 

 had already gone out on to his fields. I therefore took, 

 in company with Jungstrom, a walk out on to the 

 arable fields around Little Gaddesden to inspect the 

 same, the rather because it is commonly [T. I. p. 187] 

 held that in Hertfordshire and on this side, there are 



