206 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



manservant. I was assured that in all Little Gaddesden 

 there were not twelve menservants who serve as such for 

 annual wages. For here it is the custom that every 

 farmer mostly employs dagsverks - karlar, som 

 arbeta for dags-penning, day-labourers who work 

 for daily wages, to perform all their affairs with, both in 

 the arable field, in the meadow, in the lathe, thrash- 

 ing, &c, by which arrangement they believe, for many 

 reasons, that they come out much better than if they 

 themselves kept and fed many agricultural labourers. 

 It is also for this reason that in every town, parish, and 

 village, Stad, Socken, OCh By, there live a great many 

 labouring men and poor folk, who only feed themselves 

 and their families by going to work for farmers, gentle- 

 men, and other wealthy persons for daily or weekly 

 wages. Here in Little Gaddesden a labouring man gets 

 from 8 or 10 pence to a shilling a day. At Woodford, 

 in Essex, my host gave 9 shillings a week to each 

 labourer whom he had at his farm to thrash, and kept 

 them in svag-dricka, small beer, besides. When 

 a labourer here in Little Gaddesden gets a shilling a day 

 or a little less, he is bound to provide his own food, and 

 he is given by the farmer, or the one who hired him, 

 nothing further except small beer, Svag-dricka eller 

 Spis-61, as it is everywhere the practice not to let the day 

 labourer have anything further. Carpenters who had set 

 up a new plank-fence received from our landlord eighteen 

 pence a day and kept themselves in food and all. 



Kor. Cows. 



[T. I. p. 208]. They had not a particularly large 

 number of cows here in Little Gaddesden. One farmer 

 had seldom over 3 or 4, often less. I was assured that 

 in the whole of Little Gaddesden there were not more 

 than twenty cows. The whole winter up to the month of 



