210 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



most part scattered, as in a town, but much farther apart. 

 Ploughed fields and fenced inclosures appeared there on all 

 sides. A number of different kinds of trees were planted 

 both in the villages in front of the houses and along the 

 streets, and round about outside the villages, which all 

 served as an ornament for the village or the parish, which 

 lay as in a garden, and as a shelter, skygd, against 

 blasts or cold winds, which in Vale Land played over the 

 large open fields.* 



Hostackar. Haystacks are used here in England 

 everywhere, in Essex as well as in Hertfordshire and else- 

 where, where I have been. I hardly ever saw any liolada, 

 ' hay-lathe,' on the meadows. Thus, they had the hay 

 also at home at the farms almost more in stacks than in 

 hay-sheds. The shapes of the English hay-stacks was 

 in all places the same, that is to say, they had the shape 

 of a house standing by itself, or of a hay-lathe on the 

 meadows with us in Sweden, yet the thatch is a little 

 steeper ; and the lower half which resembles walls, is 

 ordinarily made so that it slopes more and more inwards 

 the nearer it gets to the ground, so that the eaves of the 

 thatch on the sides, and the higher gable at the gable 

 ends (which as I have before compared it to a house, I 

 may now call them) project, which is done entirely that 

 the wet and rain may injure the hay less. On the top 

 these stacks are commonly well thatched with wheat straw. 



A hay stack is made here (Little Gaddesden) in the 

 following manner : — 



When the hay is quite dry, it is carried to [T. I. p. 212] 

 the place where the stack is to be made, after which 

 the hay is laid in the aforenamed four-sided house-like 

 form, and is well trampled. 



When the hay-stack has quite got its right shape, 



* Alas ! these are nearly all inclosed, f J. L.] 



