2l8 KALM'S ENGLAND. 



when they lie down on the ground, and otherwise do them 

 harm. * 



Ko-dynga. Cowdung was carried and arranged in 

 small heaps close beside each other on the arable fields, 

 but still unspread. It consisted mostly of straw-litter, 

 halm-byssja ; for here it was the practice to spread a 

 quantity of straw out on the farm-yard under the cattle, 

 where they lie ; which straw is afterwards shovelled to- 

 gether, skattas tilhopa, into heaps, left to lie and rot 

 a little, and is afterwards carried out on to the fields. This 

 dung thus carted out, will, after a few days, be spread 

 out, ploughed down, and the land sown with barley or 

 turnips, Korn eller Rofvor. 



Grindar. Gates are used in nearly all inclosures, 

 tappor, through which one may drive a horse, kora 

 med hast, or drive sheep, eller drifva Paren. The 



height of the gate was seldom over 3 or 4 feet, often it 

 was in a deplorable state. Every inclosure had com- 

 monly one such gate. One [T. I. p. 220] was obliged to 

 lift it up and back again. Otherwise, where a footpath 

 ran through any inclosure, there was commonly in the 

 hedge a stile, klif-statta, in some place, over which 

 one could go ; for the hedges which consisted of prickly 

 hawthorn, deprived one of the pleasure of climbing or 

 forcing his way over or through them, but one must go 

 through the gate or over the stile. 



* " ' Hertfordshire Hedgehogs' This proverb seems to have no other 

 meaning than that of pointing out the number of hedgehogs found in this 

 county. Hedgehogs are harmless animals who. from the vulgar error of 

 their sucking cows, have, time out of mind been proscribed, and threepence, 

 or a groat, paid for every one of them brought dead or alive to the church- 

 wardens, by whose order they are commonly gibbeted on one of the yew 

 trees in the churchyard," &c. Fras. Grose, Local Proverbs, app. of Prov. 

 Gloss. Lond., 2nd Ed., 1790, 8vo. [J. L.] 



